Table 3.
Association between gambling participation, at-risk indicators, and harms/negative consequences
| Predictors | Bivariate associations OR (95% CI), n = 705 |
Model 1 OR (95% CI), n = 705 |
Model 2, full model OR (95% CI), n = 602 |
|---|---|---|---|
| + 1 harms | |||
| Gambling consumption indices | |||
| Frequency | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | ||
| Duration (hours per month) | - | - | 1.33 (1.21–1.47)*** |
| Expenditure | 1.24 (1.10–1.39)*** | ||
| Expenditure as a proportion of income | - | - | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) |
| Diversity (number of gambling types) | - | - | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) |
| Problematic gambling types | |||
| Slots | 7.80 (5.59–10.99)*** | 8.21 (5.72–11.93)*** | 1.28 (1.18–1.38)*** |
| Poker | 1.65 (1.07–2.54)* | 1.07 (0.62–1.85) | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) |
| Casino table games | 3.33 (2.31–4.85)*** | 1.90 (1.21–3.00)** | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) |
| Sports betting | 1.65 (1.14–2.42)** | 2.31 (1.43–3.72)*** | 1.11 (1.01–1.21)* |
| Horse betting | 1.48 (0.91–2.41) | 1.20 (0.64–2.21) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) |
| Bingo | 1.48 (0.71–3.12) | 0.84 (0.32–2.26) | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) |
| Lotteries | 1.00 (0.56–1.78) | 0.67 (0.26–1.59) | 1.02 (0.89–1.19) |
| Scratch cards | 1.30 (0.74–2.27) | 0.66 (0.29–1.48) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) |
| Model fit | R2 = 0.32 | R2 = 0.56 | |
| + 2 harms | |||
| Gambling consumption indices | |||
| Frequency | 1.11 (1.01–1.21)* | ||
| Duration (hours per month) | 1.18 (1.07–1.3)** | ||
| Expenditure | 1.17 (1.04–1.31)** | ||
| Expenditure as a proportion of income | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) | ||
| Diversity (number of gambling types) | 1.01 (0.9–1.13) | ||
| Problematic gambling types | |||
| Slots | 6.08 (4.25–8.79)*** | 6.62 (4.48–9.95)*** | 1.25 (1.16–1.35)*** |
| Poker | 1.37 (0.86–2.14) | 0.84 (0.47–1.44) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) |
| Casino table games | 2.56 (1.78–3.70)*** | 1.41 (0.90–2.20) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) |
| Sports betting | 1.91 (1.29–2.81)** | 2.61 (1.59–4.30)*** | 1.16 (1.06–1.27)*** |
| Horse betting | 1.65 (1.00–2.71)* | 1.15 (0.60–2.16) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) |
| Bingo | 1.65 (0.76–3.46) | 0.82 (0.30–2.12) | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) |
| Lotteries | 1.4 (0.75–2.52) | 0.89 (0.34–2.21) | 1.04 (0.9–1.2) |
| Scratch cards | 1.74 (0.98–3.07) | 0.99 (0.43–2.22) | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) |
| Model fit | R2 = 0.24 | R2 = 0.40 |
*p < .05, **p < .01, *** p < .001
OR = Odds ratios, CI = Confidence intervals, R2 = Nagelkerkes quasi R2 (Nagelkerke, 1991)
Model 1 included Slots, Poker Casino table games, Sports betting, Horse betting, Bingo, Lotteries and Scratch cards (regardless of access mode). The full Model 2 included past month expenditure as a proportion of income (dichotomized > 5%), past month duration (dichotomized > 6 h), gambling diversity (dichotomized > 1 gambling types), and Slots, Poker Casino table games, Sports betting, Horse betting, Bingo, Lotteries and Scratch cards (regardless of access mode)