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. 2025 May 28;15:18593. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03635-y

Table 10.

Carbon emissions and energy consumption of base layers during the construction phase for the three technologies.

Equipment Equipment workload (t) Energy consumption factor (MJ/t) CO2 emission factor (kg/t) Total energy consumption (MJ) Total CO2 emissions (kg)
Removal and reconstruction Milling machine 5775 34.17 2.53 197,332 14,611
Inorganic mixture mixing 4725 4.84 0.84 22,869 3969
Inorganic stabilized mixture paving 4725 7.07 0.27 33,406 1276
Inorganic stabilized mixture compaction 4725 15.58 0.58 73,616 2741
Total / / / 327,222 22,596
Cold central plant recycling Milling machine 5775 34.17 2.53 197,332 14,611
Plant mixing equipment 5544 4.84 0.84 26,833 4657
Paver 5544 7.07 0.27 39,196 1497
Road roller 5544 15.58 0.58 86,376 3216
Total / / / 349,736 23,980
FDR-PC Wirtgen cold recycler 5418 38.32 2.62 207,618 14,195
Grader 5418 4.00 0.25 21,672 1355
Road roller 5418 15.58 0.58 84,412 3142
Total / / / 313,702 18,692