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. 2025 May 28;15:18593. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03635-y

Table 11.

Summary of CO2 emissions for the three technologies.

Surface course (kg) CO2 emissions of base course (kg) Total
Material production phase Transportation phase Construction phase Total
Removal and reconstruction 114,585 201,929 25,563 22,596 250,089 364,673
Cold central plant recycling 114,585 217,325 16,470 23,980 257,775 372,359
FDR-PC 114,585 211,438 978 18,692 231,108 345,693