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. 2025 May 28;15:18593. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03635-y

Table 6.

Carbon emissions and energy consumption of the base layer in the material production phase for the three technologies.

Material Material consumption (t) Energy consumption per unit (MJ/t) CO2 emissions per unit (kg/t) Energy consumption (MJ) CO2 emissions (kg)
Removal and reconstruction Cement 215 3181.00 870 683,192 186,852
Aggregate 4295 37.00 3.5 158,932 15,034
Water 215 3.00 0.2 644 43
Total / / / 842,768 201,929
Cold central plant recycling Cement 250 3181.00 870 794,390 217,265
Water 300 3.00 0.2 899 60
Total / / / 795,289 217,325
FDR-PC Cement 243 3181.00 870 772,855 211,375
Water 316 3.00 0.2 948 63
Total / / / 773,802 211,438