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. 2025 May 28;15:18593. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03635-y

Table 9.

Energy consumption and carbon emissions of surface layers during the construction phase for the three technologies.

Equipment workload (t) Energy consumption factor (MJ/t) CO2 emission factor (kg/t) Total energy consumption (MJ) Total CO2 Emissions (kg)
Asphalt mixture production, paving, and compaction 2468 263.47 10.93 650,112 26,970