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. 2025 May 28;54(3):dyaf051. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaf051

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Chart depicting relative risk of ambulance dispatch for heat (percentile 99 of temperature distribution) and cold (percentile 1 of temperature distribution) in each studied subpopulation. The chart is showing the highest effect of heat in population aged below 40 years and the highest effect of cold in population aged below 20 years, above 60 years, and in population with cardiovascular or respiratory diagnosis. — Relative risk of ambulance dispatches at the 1st (cold) and 99th (heat) temperature percentile. RR, relative risk. TP01, temperature percentile 1. TP99, temperature percentile 99. Numerical information is reported in Supplementary Table S4.