| Small molecules: Iron |
Stacking |
Cellulose membrane, glass fiber, and polysulfone |
Colorimetric |
Whole blood (50 μL) |
Spiked sample:0.0004.AU μg–1 dL–1
|
|
| Small molecules: Glucose, BSA |
Stacking |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
PBS (80 μL) |
Buffer-based: 0.7 mM (glucose), 18 mM (BSA) |
|
| Small molecules: Glucose, Lactate |
Stacking |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
PBS (15 μL) |
Buffer-based:
0.3 mM (glucose), 0.02 mM (lactate) |
|
| Small molecules: Methyl parathion |
Origami/folding |
Cellulose membrane |
Potentiometric |
10 μL |
Spiked sample:
0.06 nM |
|
| Small molecules: Cyanide ion |
Origami/folding |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
Borate buffer (2 μL) |
Buffer-based: 0.4 μmol/L |
|
| Small molecules: Mercury, Glucose |
Origami/folding |
Cellulose membrane |
Electrochemical |
Tap water (mercury, 10 μL), Sweat (glucose, 10 μL) |
NA |
|
| Small molecules: Glucose,
Cholesterol, Albumin, ALP, Creatinine,
AST, ALT, Urea Nitrogen |
3D printing |
Cellulose
membrane |
Colorimetric |
NA |
Buffer-based: 0.3 mmol/L (glucose),
0.3 mmol/L (cholesterol), 0.1 g/dL
(albumin), 10 U/L (ALP), 40 μmol/L (creatinine), 10 U/L (AST),
50 U/L (ALT), 0.04 mmol/L (Urea Nitrogen) |
|
| Small molecules: Glucose |
3D printing |
Cellulose membrane, and Polysulfone |
Colorimetric |
Whole blood (100 μL) |
Spiked sample: 0.3 mM |
|
| Small molecules: Dopamine |
3D printing |
Cellulose membrane |
Fluorescence |
Tris-buffer (59 μL) |
NA |
|
| Small molecules: Glucose,
Albumin |
3D printing |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
Artificial urine (5 μL) |
Buffer-based: 0.8 mM
(glucose), 3.5 μM
(albumin) |
|
| Protein-noninfectious disease:
Myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB
(CK-MB), and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (h-FABP) |
Stacking |
NC membrane, Polysulfone, and cotton
fiber |
Fluorescence |
Serum (50 μL) |
Spiked sample: 0.52 ng/mL
(Myoglobin), 0.3 ng/mL (CK-MB), 0.49
ng/mL (h-FABP) |
|
| Protein-noninfectious disease:
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) |
Stacking |
NC
membrane, Polysulfone, and cotton fiber |
Colorimetric |
Serum (50 μL) |
Spiked sample: 0.2 pg/mL |
|
| Protein-noninfectious
disease: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) |
Stacking |
NC membrane, Polysulfone, and cotton fiber |
Chemiluminescence |
Serum (50 μL) |
Spiked sample: 0.16 pg/mL |
|
| Protein-noninfectious
disease: Alkaline phosphatase, β-d-galactosidase |
Stacking |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
Serum |
Spiked sample: 2.4 pM (alkaline phosphatase) |
|
| Protein-noninfectious disease: Blood alanine aminotransferase
(ALT) |
Stacking |
Plasma separation membrane |
Colorimetric |
Whole blood (40 μL) |
Spiked sample: 53 U/L |
|
| Protein-noninfectious disease: C-reactive
protein (CRP) |
Stacking |
Cellulose membrane,
NC membrane |
Colorimetric |
Whole blood (100 μL) |
Spiked sample: 40 ng/mL |
|
| Protein-noninfectious disease: Ammonia, Carbon dioxide,
Urea |
Origami/folding |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
Saliva/plasma (2 μL) |
Spiked sample: 0.03 mg/dL
(ammonia), 0.06 mg/dL (carbon dioxide), 0.18 mg/dL
(urea) |
|
| Protein-noninfectious disease: Human serum
albumin (HSA), Human immunoglobulin
G (HIgG) |
Origami/folding |
Cellulose
membrane |
Electrochemical |
Priming buffer (20 μL) |
Buffer-based: 1.5 pM |
|
| Protein-infectious disease: IgM/IgG antibodies for Lyme disease |
Stacking |
NC membrane, Polysulfone, and cotton fiber |
Colorimetric |
Serum (50 μL) |
Buffer-based:209.6 ng/mL (anti-OspC), 162.2 ng/mL (anti-BmpA), 1.05 μg/mL (anti-P41) |
|
| Protein-infectious disease: IgM/IgG antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 |
Stacking |
NC
membrane, Polysulfone, and cotton fiber |
Colorimetric |
Serum (40 μL; 20 μL each for IgM and IgG tests) |
Undetermined |
|
| Protein-infectious
disease: IgM/IgG antibodies for Lyme
disease |
Stacking |
NC membrane, Polysulfone,
and cotton fiber |
Colorimetric |
Serum (20 μL) |
Undetermined |
|
| Protein-infectious disease: H1N1 virus |
Stacking |
Cellulose membrane, Polytetrafluorethylene membrane |
Electrochemical, Colorimetric |
Saliva (40 μL) |
Spike sample: 4.7 PFU/mL
by electrochemical method,
2.27 PFU/mL by colorimetric method |
|
| Protein-infectious disease: Human norovirus |
Stacking |
Cellulose/polyester paper, NC membrane |
Colorimetric |
PBS (110 μL) |
Buffer-based: 9.5 × 104 copies/mL |
|
| Protein-infectious disease: Protein A for S. aureus
|
Origami/folding |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
Real sample: Synovial fluid (3 μL) |
NA |
|
| Protein-infectious
disease: Dengue virus serotypes |
3D printing |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
45 μL |
Buffer-based: 23.28 nM
(DENV-1), 5.23 nM (DENV-2), 38.17 nM
(DENV-3), and 29.64 nM (DENV-4) |
|
| Nucleic acid: Hepatitis B Virus DNA |
Origami/folding |
Cellulose membrane |
Electrochemical |
Trailing electrolyte solution (50 μL) |
NA |
|
| Nucleic acid: SARS-CoV-2
RNA and its variants |
Origami/folding |
Cellulose
membrane |
Colorimetric |
Molecular biology
grade H2O (5 μL) |
Buffer-based: 400 copies/μL (SARS-CoV-2 RNA) |
|
| Nucleic acid: E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella |
Origami/folding |
Cellulose membrane |
Colorimetric |
25 μL (bacterial solution),
15 μL (LAMP
reaction) |
Buffer-based: 25 CFU |
|
