Table 2.

The results of a multilevel linear regression model examining the associations between drug categories, countries, sectors and COVID times on the square root of drug consumption. Coefficients and their p-values

Stratification parameters	β	95% CI	P valuea
Intercept	0.91	0.76, 1.06	< 2e-16 ***
Drug categories
Carbapenems	Referent
Polymyxins	−0.17	−0.35, −0.002	0.04 *
Tetracyclines	0.4	0.25, 0.55	3.22e-07***
Penicillins	1.08	0.93, 1.23	< 2e-16 ***
Other beta-lactams	−0.01	−0.16, 0.14	0.91
Sulfonamides/trimethoprim	−0.06	−0.21, 0.09	0.44
Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins	0.05	−0.1, 0.2	0.54
Quinolones	−0.08	−0.24, 0.07	0.27
Other antibacterials	0.20	0.05, 0.35	0.01 **
Countries
Denmark	Referent
Finland	0.06	−0.03, 0.16	0.19
Iceland	0.08	−0.01, 0.18	0.08
Norway	−0.004	−0.09, 0.09	0.93
Sweden	−0.06	−0.15, 0.04	0.25
Sectors
Community	Referent
Hospital	−0.76	−0.83, −0.69	< 2e-16 ***
COVID-19 time
Per-COVID-19 time	Referent
Pre-COVID-19 time	0.05	−0.01, 0.11	0.1

Residual standard error: 0.3322 on 458 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-squared: 0.7458, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7381

F-statistic: 96 on 14 and 458 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16

^aSignificant codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05