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. 2025 May 13;16:1453153. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1453153

TABLE 2.

Physiological indicators and anthropometric measurement indicators.

Variable Group T0 T1 T2
Resting heart rate (times/min) EG 56.11 ± 1.71 56.00 ± 1.68 55.94 ± 1.55
CG 54.94 ± 1.83 55.00 ± 1.50 55.22 ± 1.66
F group/time/interaction 6.268/0.030/0.213
P group/time/interaction 0.017/0.970/0.809
Partialη 2 group/time/interaction 0.156/0.001/0.006
Heart rate after wingate test (times/min) EG 179.44 ± 7.01 176.28 ± 6.27 173.78 ± 5.87#
CG 176.94 ± 6.19 176.67 ± 6.48 177.33 ± 6.62
F group/time/interaction 0.124/1.772/2.264
P group/time/interaction 0.727/0.178/0.112
Partialη 2 group/time/interaction 0.004/0.050/0.062
Upper arm tensed circumference (cm) EG 29.01 ± 1.28 29.36 ± 1.21# 30.43 ± 1.31#∆
CG 30.24 ± 2.59 30.26 ± 2.51 30.42 ± 2.58
F group/time/interaction 1.110/89.437/52.938
P group/time/interaction 0.299/<0.001/<0.001
Partialη 2 group/time/interaction 0.032/0.725/0.609
Upper arm relaxed circumference (cm) EG 26.15 ± 1.55 26.16 ± 1.46 26.31 ± 1.36
CG 27.17 ± 2.48 27.27 ± 2.43 27.31 ± 2.35
F group/time/interaction 2.463/3.715/0.558
P group/time/interaction 0.126/0.039/0.575
Partialη 2 group/time/interaction 0.068/0.099/0.016
BPP(W) EG 354.89 ± 40.25 394.79 ± 41.58# 434.96 ± 36.29*#∆
CG 361.78 ± 27.59 371.74 ± 27.31# 385.55 ± 28.30#∆
F group/time/interaction 3.774/701.325/206.353
P group/time/interaction 0.060/<0.001/<0.001
Partialη 2 group/time/interaction 0.100/0.954/0.859

Note: at pre-intervention (T0), mid-intervention (T1), and post-intervention (T2). Compared to the CG group, *P < 0.05. Within the group, compared to T0, #P < 0.05; compared to T1, ∆P < 0.05.