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. 2025 May 30;17:180. doi: 10.1186/s13098-025-01753-1

Table 4.

Baseline characteristics of participants associated with heart failure (HF)

Variable HF, N = 5001 CON, N = 15,8051 p-value2
AGE, Median (IQR) 70.00 (60.00–78.00) 48.00 (34.00–63.00)  < 0.001
PIR, Median (IQR) 1.57 (1.02–2.89) 2.17 (1.14–4.12)  < 0.001
TC, Median (IQR) 170.00 (142.00–202.00) 190.00 (164.00–218.00)  < 0.001
A1 C, Median (IQR) 5.95 (5.50–6.63) 5.50 (5.20–5.80)  < 0.001
TG, Median (IQR) 115.00 (81.75–166.25) 103.00 (72.00–150.00)  < 0.001
LDL-C, Median (IQR) 93.50 (70.75–121.00) 112.00 (90.00–136.00)  < 0.001
INSULIN, Median (IQR) 11.40 (6.40–22.71) 9.36 (5.89–15.41)  < 0.001
HDL-C, Median (IQR) 1.22 (1.01–1.50) 1.34 (1.11–1.63)  < 0.001
PFG, Median (IQR) 109.00 (98.00–130.00) 100.00 (92.30–110.00)  < 0.001
BMI, Median (IQR) 30.10 (25.88–35.46) 27.80 (24.20–32.24)  < 0.001
WAIST, Median (IQR) 107.40 (94.93–119.50) 97.40 (87.50–108.20)  < 0.001
VAI, Median (IQR) 163.10 (91.54–267.16) 125.62 (76.96–208.98)  < 0.001
TyG, Median (IQR) 8.79 (8.37–9.28) 8.57 (8.17–9.00)  < 0.001
TG/HDL-C, Median (IQR) 94.81 (57.77–156.31) 75.86 (46.38–124.59)  < 0.001
METS-IR, Median (IQR) 1.82 (1.70–1.93) 1.71 (1.61–1.81)  < 0.001
HOMA-IR, Median (IQR) 3.11 (1.70–6.97) 2.37 (1.42–4.15)  < 0.001
Gender, n (%)  < 0.001
Male 278 (56) 7,603 (48)
Female 222 (44) 8,202 (52)
Race, n (%)  < 0.001
Mexican American 42 (8.4) 2,555 (16)
Other Hispanic 36 (7.2) 1,370 (8.7)
Non-Hispanic White 288 (58) 7,069 (45)
Non-Hispanic Black 108 (22) 3,145 (20)
Other Race—Including Multi-Racial 26 (4.4) 1,666 (11)

1Median (IQR) or Frequency (%)

2Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson's Chi-squared test