Table 2.

Characteristics of the use of theoretical knowledge as an educational tool including modality, learning objectives, phase of completion and metrics assessment

	Theoretical knowledge: Modality and objectives	Phase of completion	Performance metrics
Bolger et al. 2017 [11]	Not specified	N/A	N/A
Collins et al. 2017 [12]	1) Online modules understanding the robot and port set up, camera movement, how to use the console and instruments	Completed before operating with the robot	Not specified
Formisano et al. 2019 [13]	Not specified	N/A	N/A
Martin et al. 2019 [14]	1) Online community instruction provided by Da Vinci surgery community website. These cover basic design and operation of the Da Vinci system	All are completed in the basic phase	‘Documented completion’ for 1)
	2) Online videos not otherwise specified		Not specified for 2) and 3)
	2) 3 Webinars led by surgeons which include topics on procedural tips/tricks, troubleshooting, complex cases, advanced technology use and career development
Waters et al. 2021 [15]	1) Online modules, objectives not otherwise specified	Occurs in the self-directed phase	Not specified for all
	2) Robotic console safety Course, objectives not otherwise specified	Occurs in the trainer directed phase
	3) Robotic Accredition Course, objectives not otherwise specified	Occurs in the trainer directed phase. Is the last course to be performed before moving to independent console surgeon
Unruh et al. 2023 [16]	1) Online modules provided by Intuitive, objectives not otherwise specified	All are completed in Phase 0 during pre-residency	Modules have built in assessment tools
	2) Hands on basic training with Da Vinci representatives which includes how to dock the robot, orient the platform limbs, exchange instruments and troubleshoot		Not specified for 2) and 3)
	3) An overview of SimNow robotic simulator