Table 4.

Characteristics of the use of simulation as an educational tool including learning objectives, modality, phase of completion and metrics assessment

	Simulation: Learning objectives	Modality	Phase of completion	Performance metrics
Bolger et al. 2017 [11]	Simulator training, objectives not otherwise specified	Not specified	Occurs prior to console experience	30 h minimum
Collins et al. 2017 [12]	Simulator training, objectives not otherwise specified	Not specified	N/A	Not specified
Formisano et al. 2019 [13]	Simulator training to assess basic competencies (co-ordination of masters and pedals, bimanual co-ordination, camera control and use of the third robotic arm)	Da Vinci Xi Skills Simulator	Occurs prior to bedside or console experience	Not specified
Martin et al. 2019 [14]	Simulation modules including Thread the Rings, Matchboard 1, Camera targeting 1 and 2, Energy switching 1 and suture sponge 1	Not specified	Occurs in the basic and advanced phases	> 90% score
Waters et al. 2021 [15]	Simulator training, objectives not otherwise specified	Not specified	Occurs in the self-directed phase prior to operating room experience	States benchmarks in place
Unruh et al. 2023 [16]	16 Colorectal specific simulation modules, objectives not otherwise specified	SimNow	Simulation modules are adjusted to the trainees stage by the attending surgeons and completed in Phase 1 & 2 during PG1 - 5 in conjunction with bedside assisting and console experience	> 90% score