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. 2025 May 29;17:179. doi: 10.1186/s13098-025-01712-w

Table 2.

Positive control analysis: MR estimates of the effect of genetically proxied GLP-1RAs on T2DM and BMI.

Outcome Method OR (95%CI) P Q statistics P-heterogeneity Egger intercept P intercept
T2DM IVW 0.90 (0.86,0.96) 0.0004 1.4829 0.9996
MR-Egger 0.99 (0.84,1.16) 0.9116 0.0604 1.0000 -0.0062 0.2605
Weighted median 0.89 (0.83,0.96) 0.0022
Simple mode 0.89 (0.80,1.00) 0.0688
Weighted mode 0.89 (0.80,1.00) 0.0616
MR-PRESSO 0.90 (0.89,0.92) 2.07E-07 1.9559 0.9993
BMI IVW 0.94 (0.92,0.96) 9.78E-08 0.5469 1.0000
MR-Egger 0.96 (0.90,1.03) 0.2453 0.1218 1.0000 -0.0014 0.5291
Weighted median 0.94 (0,91,0.97) 3.78E-05
Simple mode 0.94 (0.90,0.98) 0.0205
Weighted mode 0.94 (0.90,0.98) 0,0138
MR-PRESSO 0.94 (0,93,0.94) 6.98E-12 0.6936 1.0000

MR: Mendelian randomization; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; GLP-1RAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; IVW: inverse-variance weighted; MR-PRESSO: Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.