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. 2025 May 30;25:2004. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23078-4

Table 3.

Single-metal regression models for the associations of urinary metals and DBP

Metals βa (95%CI) Quartiles of whole urine metals (μg/g creatinine)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P-trend
Al 0.004 (−0.004,0.012) Ref 0.032 (0.002,0.063)* 0.008 (−0.023,0.039) 0.008 (−0.023,0.040) 0.733
Ti −0.001 (−0.011,0.009) Ref 0.043 (0.013,0.074)* 0.005 (−0.026,0.035) 0.016 (−0.014,0.047) 0.922
V 0.005 (−0.008,0.018) Ref 0.008 (−0.022,0.039) 0.030 (−0.001,0.061) 0.003 (−0.028,0.033) 0.481
Cr 0.012 (0.001,0.023)* Ref 0.037 (0.006,0.067)* 0.015 (−0.016,0.046) 0.017 (−0.014,0.047) 0.710
Fe 0.006 (0.001,0.012)* Ref 0.025 (−0.005,0.056) 0.022 (−0.009,0.052) 0.033 (0.002,0.064)* 0.017
Mn 0.007 (0.001,0.012)* Ref 0.033 (0.003,0.064)* 0.031 (0.000,0.062)* 0.010 (−0.020,0.041) 0.814
Co 0.004 (−0.001,0.008) Ref 0.003 (−0.028,0.033) 0.007 (−0.024,0.038) 0.014 (−0.017,0.045) 0.176
Ni 0.007 (0.001,0.013)* Ref −0.000 (−0.031,0.030) −0.005 (−0.036,0.026) 0.009 (−0.022,0.040) 0.428
Cu 0.005 (−0.005,0.014) Ref 0.002 (−0.029,0.033) −0.006 (−0.038,0.025) −0.001 (−0.032,0.030) 0.758
As −0.004 (−0.020,0.012) Ref 0.005 (−0.026,0.035) 0.012 (−0.019,0.042) −0.002 (−0.033,0.028) 0.730
Zn 0.002 (−0.004,0.007) Ref 0.008 (−0.022,0.039) 0.016 (−0.015,0.046) 0.011 (−0.020,0.041) 0.443
Se 0.014 (−0.001,0.029) Ref 0.018 (−0.012,0.049) 0.018 (−0.013,0.048) 0.011 (−0.020,0.042) 0.724
Sr −0.001 (−0.004,0.003) Ref 0.011 (−0.020,0.041) 0.009 (−0.022,0.039) −0.003 (−0.033,0.028) 0.810
Mo 0.001 (−0.011,0.012) Ref 0.033 (0.003,0.063)* 0.014 (−0.016,0.045) −0.009 (−0.040,0.021) 0.173
Ag −0.001 (−0.003,0.002) Ref −0.015 (−0.046,0.016) 0.014 (−0.016,0.045) −0.011 (−0.042,0.019) 0.772
Cd 0.006 (−0.003,0.015) Ref 0.010 (−0.021,0.040) 0.008 (−0.023,0.039) 0.017 (−0.014,0.048) 0.245
Sb 0.003 (−0.001,0.006) Ref 0.014 (−0.016,0.045) 0.028 (−0.003,0.058) 0.024 (−0.007,0.054) 0.043
Tl 0.002 (−0.005,0.010) Ref −0.006 (−0.036,0.025) 0.011 (−0.020,0.042) 0.004 (−0.027,0.035) 0.255
Pb 0.002 (−0.001,0.005) Ref 0.012 (−0.018,0.043) 0.015 (−0.016,0.046) 0.023 (−0.008,0.054) 0.037

Al aluminium, Ti titanium, V vanadium, Cr chromium, Mn manganese, Fe iron, Co cobalt, Ni nickel, Cu copper, Zn zinc, As arsenic, Se selenium, Sr strontium, Mo molybdenum, Ag silver, Cd cadmium, Sb antimony, Ba barium, Tl thallium, Pb lead. All models had adjustments for age, sex, BMI, smoke, drink, education, family income, occupation

amultivariate linear regression, urinary metal and diastolic blood pressure were ln-transformed. *p < 0.05