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. 2025 May 30;22:95. doi: 10.1186/s12954-025-01249-1

Table 1.

Demographics and patient characteristics (n = 49)

Number of participants
What is your age? n (%)

 18–24

 25–34

 35–44

 45–54

 55–64

3 (6.1)
21 (42.9)
20 (40.8)
4 (8.2)
1 (2.0)
What is your gender identity? n (%)

 Man

 Prefer not to say

 Woman

37 (75.5)
1 (2.0)
11 (22.4)
What is your race or ethnicity? n (%)

 Black or African American

 Hispanic or Latino

 Middle Eastern or North African

 Multiracial or Multiethnic

 White

 Other

2 (4.1)
12 (24.5)
2 (4.1)
3 (6.1)
28 (57.1)
2 (4.1)
What is the highest level of education you have completed? n (%)

 Did not graduate from high school

 Graduated from high school

 Some college

 Graduated from college

 Some graduate school

 Completed graduate school

6 (12.2)
12 (24.5)
19 (38.8)
9 (18.4)
1 (2.0)
2 (4.1)
What is your approximate individual income? n (%)

 No income

 $0-$24,999

 $25,000-$49,999

 $50,000-$74,999

 Greater than $75,000

 N/A

19 (38.8)
11 (22.4)
6 (12.2)
8 (16.3)
4 (8.2)
1 (2.0)
What substances have you used non-medically in the past 30 days? n (%)

 Fentanyl only

 Fentanyl + stimulant

 Fentanyl + benzodiazepine

 Fentanyl + THC

 Fentanyl + benzodiazepine + THC

 Fentanyl + stimulant + THC

 Fentanyl + stimulant + benzodiazepine

 Fentanyl + stimulant + benzodiazepine + THC

 Stimulant + benzodiazepine

 Stimulant + benzodiazepine + THC

 Stimulant only

 Missing

5 (10.2)

6 (12.2)

4 (8.2)

7 (14.3)

2 (4.1)

5 (10.2)

5 (10.2)

6 (12.2)

3 (6.1)

1 (2.0)

3 (6.1)

2 (4.1)

What is your usual route of drug use? n (%)

 Eat it or swallow it

 Inject or shoot into a muscle

 Inject or shot into a vein

 Smoke

 Snort

5 (10.2)

2 (4.1)

17 (34.7)

6 (12.2)

19 (38.8)

How frequently have you used your drug of choice in the past 30 days? n (%)

Less than once per day

 1 time per day

 2 times per day

 3 or more times per day

5 (10.2)

3 (6.1)

3 (6.1)

38 (77.6)

Lifetime history of overdose n (%)

 Yes

 No

 N/A

34 (69.4)

14 (28.6)

1 (2.0)