Table 2.

The demographic, epidemiological, and clinical profile of H5N1 avian influenza human cases in the period 2006–2021, with a comparison between before and after the implementation of the supported intervention package

Criteria	2006–2021 (n = 359)		2006–2015 (n = 346)		2016–2021 (n = 13)		P value
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Mean age in years ± SD	20.3 ± 17		20.3 ± 17		20.1 ± 23		0.96
Age groups in years
< 5	119	33.1	114	32.9	5	38.5	< 0.001
5–14	41	11.4	38	11.0	3	23.1
15–34	115	32.0	114	32.9	1	7.7
35–55	73	20.3	70	20.2	3	23.1
> 55	11	3.1	10	2.9	1	7.7
Gender
Males	146	40.7	140	40.5	6	46.2	0.69
Females	213	59.3	206	59.5	7	53.8
Region
Lower Egypt	156	43.5	155	44.8	1	7.7	0.02
Upper Egypt	134	37.3	125	36.1	9	69.2
Urban governorates	69	19.2	66	19.1	3	23.1
Season
Dec-Feb	176	49.0	174	50.3	2	15.4	< 0.01
Mar-May	138	38.4	131	37.9	7	53.8
Jun-Aug	28	7.8	24	6.9	4	30.8
Sep-Nov	17	4.7	17	4.9	0	0.0
Housewives	108	44.3	107	30.9	1	7.7	0.03
Treated with Oseltamivir	178	49.6	167	48.3	11	84.6	< 0.01
Admission-lab confirmation days ± SD	3.6 ± 4		3.6 ± 4		2.8 ± 2		0.21
Admission to discharge Days ± SD	10.0 ± 10		10.0 ± 10		9.7 ± 10		0.91
Duration of illness ± SD	14.3 ± 10		14.2 ± 10		16.8 ± 9		0.35
Exposures in previous week
Exposure to birds	168	46.8	159	46.0	9	69.2	0.06
Breeding poultry at home	104	29.0	99	28.6	5	38.5	0.03
Slaughter poultry	42	11.7	41	11.8	1	7.7	0.04
Clean/prepare poultry	34	19.5	34	9.8	0	0.0	0.13
Exposed to sick birds	34	9.5	33	9.5	1	7.7	0.46
Exposed to dead birds	64	17.8	60	17.3	4	30.8	0.12
Visited farm/store	14	3.9	14	4.0	0	0.0	0.43
Severity
pneumonia	143	39.8	135	39.0	8	61.5	0.06
ICU admission	88	24.5	83	24.0	5	38.5	0.26
Case fatality	122	34.0	117	33.8	5	38.5	0.36