Table 2.

Biomechanical properties of extrinsic foot muscles, Achilles tendon, and plantar fascia in diabetic foot and healthy foot

	F-Natural Oscillation Frequency				S-Dynamic Stiffness				D-Logarithmic Decrement
	Diabetic Foot n = 38	Healthy Foot n = 40	p	d	Diabetic Foot n = 38	Healthy Foot n = 40	p	d	Diabetic Foot n = 38	Healthy Foot n = 40	p	d
Tibialis Anterior	19.84 ± 3.96	17.09 ± 3.02	0.003	0.78	396.2 ± 119.5	336.2 ± 75.12	0.01	0.6	1.02 ± 0.2	1.04 ± 0.2	0.47	0.1
Gastrocnemius Medialis	16.99 ± 2.95	15.12 ± 2.46	0.03	0.69	307.05 ± 75.02	271.5 ± 45.61	0.01	0.54	1.21 ± 0.23	1.19 ± 0.28	0.75	0.08
Gastrocnemius Lateralis	17.88 ± 3.57	16.77 ± 2.94	0.141	0.34	334.65 ± 81.58	306.6 ± 66.65	0.53	0.38	1.15 ± 0.25	1.21 ± 0.29	0.57	0.22
Achilles Tendon	31.56 ± 5.54	29.51 ± 3.06	0.08	0.46	817.36 ± 151.61	757.5 ± 68.56	0.02	0.50	0.80 ± 0.2	0.84 ± 0.1	0.1	0.24
Plantar Fascia	25.99 ± 3.17	25.66 ± 2.87	0.3	0.1	575.55 ± 82.95	525.2 ± 58.11	0.04	0.7	1.26 ± 0.17	1.33 ± 0.11	0.05	0.49

Mean ± SD values for natural oscillation frequency (F), dynamic stiffness (S), and logarithmic decrement (D) are presented for the diabetic foot and healthy foot. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are in bold. Cohen’s d effect sizes are provided