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. 2025 May 30;25:2002. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23217-x

Table 4.

Intermediate effect analysis (1)

Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Maternal mortality UHC Service Coverage Index Maternal mortality
Density of population -0.836*** 0.472*** -0.045
(-26.99) (34.97) (-1.43)
UHC Service Coverage Index -1.044***
(-36.85)
GDP per capita -0.000*** 0.000*** -0.000***
(-7.46) (5.00) (-7.85)
Current health expenditure per capita -0.000** 0.000 -0.000**
(-2.52) (0.88) (-2.15)
PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure 0.008*** -0.005*** 0.004***
(7.57) (-9.63) (4.47)
Constant 7.512*** 2.111*** 8.454***
(46.64) (33.09) (65.32)
Observations 3,629 3,629 3,629
N 175 175 175

Note: z-statistics in parentheses

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1