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. 2025 May 30;25:2002. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23217-x

Table 5.

Intermediate effect analysis (2)

Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Under-5 mortality UHC Service Coverage Index Under-5 mortality
Density of population -0.829*** 0.472*** -0.063***
(-34.71) (34.97) (-3.24)
UHC Service Coverage Index -1.141***
(-61.84)
GDP per capita -0.000*** 0.000*** -0.000***
(-5.61) (5.00) (-5.53)
Current health expenditure per capita -0.000*** 0.000 -0.000***
(-6.72) (0.88) (-8.11)
PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure 0.009*** -0.005*** 0.004***
(10.67) (-9.63) (6.88)
Constant 6.447*** 2.111*** 7.890***
(54.72) (33.09) (95.57)
Observations 3,629 3,629 3,629
N 175 175 175

Note: z-statistics in parentheses

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1