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. 2025 May 30;25:2002. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23217-x

Table 9.

Maternal mortality heterogeneous outcome

Variables Maternal mortality
High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income
Density of population -0.447*** -0.333*** -1.018*** -0.967***
(0.0675) (0.0987) (0.0631) (0.0514)
GDP per capita -1.01e-05*** -6.31e-05*** -0.000147*** -1.83e-05
(1.54e-06) (4.57e-06) (1.76e-05) (3.26e-05)
Current health expenditure per capita 2.04e-05 -0.000190*** 0.000624** -0.00225***
(1.62e-05) (2.87e-05) (0.000276) (0.000635)
PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure 0.0309*** 0.00515*** -0.00102 -0.00133
(0.00336) (0.00195) (0.00127) (0.00167)
Constant 3.955*** 5.523*** 9.869*** 10.13***
(0.304) (0.393) (0.263) (0.203)
Observations 1,155 999 1,016 459
N 55 48 49 23
R-squared 0.290 0.415 0.529 0.668

Note: Standard errors in parentheses

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1