Table 2.
Analyses of the absolute changes in the main secondary endpoints for all participants eligible for per-protocol analysis
|
Low load (n = 26) |
High load (n = 25) |
Difference between groups | P-value (ANCOVA) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 0.25 (− 0.24, 0.73) | − 0.0005 (− 0.50, 0.50) | − 0.25 (− 0.95, 0.46) | 0.482 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.4 (− 0.8, 1.6) | − 2.0 (− 3.2, − 0.8) ** | − 2.4 (− 4.2, − 0.7) | 0.006 |
| DXA scan | ||||
| Fat percent (%) | 0.35 (0.12, 0.59) * | − 0.66 (− 0.81, − 0.33) *** | − 0.9 (− 1.3, − 0.6) | 2.3E-6 |
| Fat mass (g) | 526.8 (213.4, 840.2) ** | − 500.8 (− 820.5, − 181.1) ** | − 1027.6 (− 1479.9, − 575.3) | 3.8E-5 |
| Lean mass (g) | − 119.4 (− 538.3, 299.5) | 588.8 (161.4, 1016.1) ** | 708.2 (103.7, 1312.7) | 0.023 |
| BMC (g) | 3.3 (− 5.9, 12.5) | − 0.6 (− 10.0, 8.8) | − 3.9 (− 17.1, 9.4) | 0.562 |
| CT scan | ||||
| VAT (cm3) | − 2.84 (− 5.50, − 0.19) | 0.04 (− 2.67, 2.75) | 2.88 (− 0.95, 6.72) | 0.136 |
| SAT (cm3) | − 0.84 (− 4.19, 2.50) | − 3.67 (− 7.09, − 0.26) | − 2.83 (− 7.66, 1.99) | 0.243 |
| Liver fat (HU) | 0.16 (− 1.23, 1.54) | 1.51 (0.09, 2.92) * | 1.35 (− 0.65, 3.35) | 0.180 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Mean daily activity (mg) | 0.76 (− 1.91, 3.43) | − 1.81 (− 4.54, 0.91) | − 2.57 (− 6.43, 1.28) | 0.185 |
| Sedentary time (minutes/day) | − 25.77 (− 44.34, − 7.20) ** | 6.76 (− 12.18, 25.71) | 32.53 (5.74, 59.33) | 0.018 |
| LPA (minutes/day) | 10.37 (1.26, 19.48) ** | 5.05 (− 4.24, 14.34) | − 5.32 (− 18.46, 7.83) | 0.419 |
| MVPA (minutes/day) | 1.71 (− 7.64, 11.06) | − 7.31 (− 16.85, 2.23) | − 9.02 (− 22.52, 4.47) | 0.185 |
| Energy balance | ||||
| Energy expenditure (MJ/day) | − 0.09 (− 0.47, 0.29) | − 0.23 (− 0.61, 0.16) | − 0.14 (− 0.68, 0.41) | 0.615 |
| Energy intake (MJ/day) | 0.10 (− 0.81, 1.00) | − 0.18 (− 1.10, 0.74) | − 0.28 (− 1.58, 1.03) | 0.672 |
Results are presented as estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals for all participants. The between-group p-values (high load vs low load) given within the table are calculated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, sex, baseline BMI, vest exposure (h) and standing % with vest. Within-group comparisons (5 weeks vs baseline) were made using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Statistically significant differences are highlighted in bold. BMC bone mineral content, BMI body mass index, CT computed tomography, DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, HU Hounsfield unit, Liver fat estimated as liver attenuation, LPA light physical activity, Mg milli-g (acceleration), MJ megajoules, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, SAT subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdominal region, VAT visceral adipose tissue in the abdominal region