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. 2025 May 30;25:554. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-06969-z

Table 2.

Clinical characteristics of patients experiencing single and multiple MRs

Single MR multiple MRs Z p
n = 285(63.5%) n = 164(36.5%)
Diagnosis n(%) -1.856 0.063
Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders 101(35.4) 68(41.5)
Bipolar disorder 58(20.4) 41(25.0)
Substance dependence 38(13.3) 18(11.0)
Depressive disorder 66(23.2) 25(15.2)
Other∗ 22(7.7) 12(7.3)
First admission n(%) -0.375 0.708
No 146(51.2) 81(49.4)
Yes 139(48.8) 83(50.6)
History of violence n(%) -0.211 0.833
No 168(58.9) 95(57.9)
Yes 117(41.1) 69(42.1)

Timing of restraint (days after admission)

Median (IQR)

4(2 ∼ 8) 3(1.25 ∼ 7) -2.532 0.011
Total duration of restraint (hours) Median(IQR) 3.90(2.03 ∼ 7.25) 3.63(2.01 ∼ 6.46) -0.801 0.423

Days of hospitalization

Median(IQR)

18(14 ∼ 26) 20(15 ∼ 26) -2.012 0.044
Violence risk score(BVC)Median(IQR) 1(0 ∼ 3) 1(0 ∼ 3) -0.061 0.951

Note: N: number, IQR: interquartile range

*Other diagnoses: Anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dissociative and conversion disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, somatic symptom disorders, and gambling disorder