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. 2025 May 30;25:1996. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23153-w

Table 1.

Descriptive, univariate and multivariate results of HIV self-perceived risk among online-dating MSM in Shandong, China

Study Variable Descriptive results Univariate results Multivariate results
Total
(%)
Low self-perception High self-perception OR (95%CI) P aOR (95%CI) P
Age(years)
 < 25 645(23.2) 241(37.4) 404(62.6) 1.000
 25–35 1091(39.2) 440(40.3) 651(59.7) 0.883(0.722–1.078) 0.221
 ≥ 35 1049(37.7) 371(35.4) 678(64.6) 1.090(0.889–1.336) 0.406
Marital status
 Married 794(28.5) 311(39.2) 483(60.8) 1.000
 Single/Separated 1991(71.5) 741(37.2) 1250(62.8) 1.086(0.917–1.286) 0.338
Sexual orientation
 Homosexual 2172(78.0) 821(37.8) 1351(62.2) 1.000

 Bisexual

 or others

613(22.0) 231(37.7) 382(62.3) 1.005(0.835–1.209) 0.958
Residency (Province)
 Shandong 2520(90.5) 958(38.0) 1562(62.0) 0.896(0.688–1.167) 0.417
 Non-Shandong 265(9.5) 94(35.5) 171(64.5) 1.000
Education

 High school

 or lower

853(30.6) 350(41.0) 503(59.0) 1.000 1.000
 College or higher 1932(69.4) 702(36.3) 1230(63.7) 1.219(1.034–1.438) 0.019* 1.202(1.009–1.431) 0.039*
Knowledge of HIV
 < 6 2743(98.5) 1042(38.0) 1701(62.0) 1.000 1.000
 ≥ 6 42(1.5) 10(23.8) 32(76.2) 1.960(0.960–4.004) 0.065 1.999(0.950–4.206) 0.068
Group sex in the P6M a
 Yes 583(21.1) 240(41.2) 343(58.8) 1.000 1.000
 No 2185(78.9) 800(36.6) 1385(63.4) 1.216(1.008–1.466) 0.041* 1.023(0.834–1.256) 0.827
Commercial sex with man in the P6M a
 Yes 319(11.6) 135(42.3) 184(57.7) 1.000 1.000
 No 2431(88.4) 891(36.7) 1540(63.3) 1.303(1.024–1.658) 0.032* 1.188(0.917–1.538) 0.192
Anonymous during online dating
 Yes 2179(78.2) 782(35.9) 1397(64.1) 1.436(1.196–1.723) < 0.001*** 1.298(1.071–1.574) 0.008**
 No 606(21.8) 270(44.6) 336(55.4) 1.000 1.000
Ever had a test for HIV before sex with online partner in the P6M
 Yes 1855(66.6) 791(42.6) 1064(57.4) 1.000 1.000
 No 930(33.4) 261(28.1) 669(71.9) 1.906(1.608–2.259) < 0.001*** 1.780(1.489–2.128) < 0.001***
Consistent condom use with online partner in the P6M a
 Yes 1447(52.0) 451(31.2) 996(68.8) 1.794(1.537–2.094) < 0.001*** 2.004(1.693–2.371) < 0.001***
 No 1336(48.0) 599(44.8) 737(55.2) 1.000 1.000
Received HIV-related prevention services in the past year
 Yes 2679(96.2) 1024(38.2) 1665(61.8) 1.000 1.000
 No 106(3.8) 28(26.4) 78(73.6) 1.724(1.111–2.673) 0.015* 1.321(0.835–2.090) 0.234
HIV status
 Positive 77(2.8) 21(27.3) 56(72.7) 1.639(0.987–2.723) 0.056 1.536(0.902–2.614) 0.114
 Negative 2708(97.2) 1031(38.1) 1677(61.9) 1.000 1.000
Syphilis status
 Positive 136(4.9) 32(23.5) 104(76.5) 2.035(1.359–3.048) 0.001** 1.957(1.289–2.971) 0.002**
 Negative 2649(95.1) 1020(38.5) 1629(61.5) 1.000 1.000
Having used NPS
 Yes 1605(57.6) 508(31.7) 1097(68.3) 1.847(1.581–2.158) < 0.001*** 1.989(1.687–2.344) < 0.001***
 No 1180(42.4) 544(46.1) 636(53.9) 1.000 1.000

a Sample size vary across variables due to missing data. Specific missing counts are as follows: group sex in the P6M (n = 17), commercial sex with man in the P6M (n = 35), and consistent condom use with online partner in the P6M (n = 2). ***,P < 0.001.**,P < 0.01.*,P < 0.05. OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; P6M, past 6 months