Table 3.

Mann–Whitney U-Test for Adaptation to Chronic Disease Total Score and Subscales by Comorbidities

Scales	Mann–Whitney U	Wilcoxon W	Z	p
Adaptation to chronic diseases (CIAS total score)	8485,500	18,215,500	−0.215	0.829
Illness denial behavior (CIAS 1)	6957,000	16,687,000	−2.751	0.006
Illness-compliant behavior (CIAS 2)	7784,000	17,514,000	−1.368	0.171
Strategic positive engagement (CIAS 3)	7812,500	15,562,500	−1.317	0.188
Emotional support for illness (CIAS 4)	7118,500	14,868,500	−2.455	0.014
Emotional engagement (CIAS 5)	7587,000	17,317,000	−1.691	0.091

Abbreviations: U, Mann–Whitney U-test; W, Wilcoxon sum of ranks; Z, Standardized test statistic for Wilcoxon signed-rank test; p, level of significance.