Table 2.
Association between clinic-based, genetic, and register-based predictors and treatment outcome. Results from bivariate and multiple regression analyses in the full model
| Predictor | Bivariate | Multiple | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (95% CI) | p-value | Estimate (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Pre-treatment score | 0.57 (0.53, 0.61) | < 0.001*** | 0.51 (0.47, 0.55) | < 0.001*** |
| Comorbidities | 5.20 (3.54, 6.86) | < 0.001*** | 0.42 (-1.03, 1.88) | 0.569 |
| Family history | 2.75 (0.92, 4.58) | 0.003** | 0.19 (-1.41, 1.79) | 0.816 |
| Sex (ref: male) | 0.58 (-1.06, 2.23) | 0.488 | -2.56 (-4.03, -1.09) | < 0.001*** |
| Unmarried | 4.62 (2.89, 6.34) | < 0.001*** | 1.67 (0.08, 3.26) | 0.040* |
| No children | 2.28 (0.72, 3.85) | 0.004** | 0.72 (-0.84, 2.28) | 0.364 |
| No university | 4.18 (2.52, 5.85) | < 0.001*** | 1.95 (0.49, 3.42) | 0.009** |
| Unemployed | 7.45 (4.15, 10.75) | < 0.001*** | 2.98 (-0.01, 5.97) | 0.051 |
| Income (quintiles) | -1.90 (-2.47, -1.34) | < 0.001*** | -0.81 (-1.38, -0.25) | 0.005** |
| Any financial benefits | 6.24 (4.23, 8.25) | < 0.001*** | 2.24 (0.37, 4.11) | 0.019* |
| PRS MDD | 0.71 (-0.19, 1.60) | 0.120 | 0.41 (-0.39, 1.21) | 0.310 |
| PRS ASD | 0.58 (-0.37, 1.53) | 0.228 | 0.43 (-0.45, 1.32) | 0.335 |
| PRS ADHD | 0.68 (-0.33, 1.69) | 0.182 | 0.14 (-0.71, 0.99) | 0.741 |
| PRS BPAD | -0.21 (-1.07, 0.66) | 0.640 | -0.73 (-1.57, 0.12) | 0.091 |
| PRS Education | -0.30 (-1.24, 0.64) | 0.527 | 0.24 (-0.73, 1.20) | 0.630 |
| PRS IQ | 0.37 (-0.59, 1.33) | 0.444 | 0.38 (-0.58, 1.34) | 0.434 |
| PRS SCZ | 0.28 (-0.63, 1.19) | 0.544 | 0.46 (-0.45, 1.38) | 0.315 |
| Any prior psychiatric diagnosis | 5.54 (3.88, 7.20) | < 0.001*** | ||
| Prior F1 | 3.16 (-0.07, 6.39) | 0.055 | -1.76 (-4.63, 1.11) | 0.230 |
| Prior F3 (excl. BPAD) | 7.61 (5.89, 9.34) | < 0.001*** | 2.29 (0.56, 4.02) | 0.010* |
| Prior F4 | 3.29 (1.69, 4.90) | < 0.001*** | 0.93 (-0.61, 2.48) | 0.235 |
| Prior F5 | 7.84 (5.05, 10.64) | < 0.001*** | 2.70 (0.11, 5.30) | 0.041* |
| Prior F6 | 15.70 (9.35, 22.06) | < 0.001*** | 5.55 (-0.11, 11.20) | 0.055 |
| ASD | 24.98 (18.35, 31.61) | < 0.001*** | 10.35 (4.17, 16.53) | 0.001** |
| ADHD | 15.98 (12.24, 19.71) | < 0.001*** | 6.38 (2.91, 9.85) | < 0.001*** |
| Any prior medication | 4.52 (2.89, 6.16) | < 0.001*** | ||
| Antidepressants | 6.30 (4.66, 7.94) | < 0.001*** | ||
| Bupropion | 14.16 (9.75, 18.58) | < 0.001*** | 6.04 (1.85, 10.24) | 0.005** |
| Duloxetine | 10.84 (6.07, 15.61) | < 0.001*** | -0.49 (-4.87, 3.90) | 0.827 |
| Fluoxetine | 10.52 (6.97, 14.07) | <0.001*** | 4.18 (0.91, 7.44) | 0.012* |
| Venlafaxine | 9.44 (5.77, 13.10) | < 0.001*** | 2.78 (-0.62, 6.18) | 0.108 |
| Mirtazapine | 8.31 (5.12, 11.50) | < 0.001*** | 0.48 (-2.62, 3.59) | 0.759 |
| Amitriptyline | 7.93 (2.89, 12.96) | 0.002** | 4.04 (-0.27, 8.35) | 0.066 |
| Sertraline | 6.51 (4.56, 8.47) | < 0.001*** | 2.70 (0.88, 4.52) | 0.004** |
| Escitalopram | 6.42 (3.63, 9.21) | < 0.001*** | 1.77 (-0.72, 4.27) | 0.163 |
| Citalopram | 3.74 (1.60, 5.87) | < 0.001*** | 2.20 (0.22, 4.18) | 0.030* |
| Clomipramine | 1.71 (-5.96, 9.38) | 0.662 | -2.16 (-8.73, 4.41) | 0.518 |
| Paroxetine | -1.49 (-5.97, 2.98) | 0.512 | -0.09 (-3.95, 3.77) | 0.963 |
| Anxiolytics | 3.14 (1.40, 4.89) | < 0.001*** | ||
| Buspirone | 19.41 (11.63, 27.20) | < 0.001*** | 7.73 (0.61, 14.84) | 0.033* |
| Alprazolam | 4.00 (-1.60, 9.59) | 0.161 | 1.70 (-3.23, 6.62) | 0.498 |
| Hydroxyzine | 3.16 (1.26, 5.05) | 0.001** | -1.78 (-3.72, 0.15) | 0.070 |
| Diazepam | 2.59 (-1.36, 6.55) | 0.198 | -1.15 (-4.60, 2.29) | 0.512 |
| Oxazepam | 2.25 (-0.02, 4.53) | 0.052 | -0.84 (-3.00, 1.32) | 0.444 |
| Hypnotics and sedatives | 6.20 (4.40, 7.99) | < 0.001*** | ||
| Melatonin | 11.02 (5.74, 16.30) | < 0.001*** | 2.56 (-2.31, 7.42) | 0.301 |
| Zolpidem | 6.23 (3.46, 9.01) | < 0.001*** | 0.91 (-1.73, 3.56) | 0.498 |
| Zopiclone | 5.79 (3.40, 8.18) | < 0.001*** | 0.03 (-2.49, 2.43) | 0.984 |
| Propiomazine | 5.18 (2.80, 7.56) | < 0.001*** | -1.56 (-3.91, 0.79) | 0.193 |
| Antipsychotics | 5.98 (1.37, 10.59) | 0.011* | -3.63 (-7.79, 0.53) | 0.087 |
PRS, polygenic risk score; MDD, Major depressive disorder; ASD, Autism spectrum disorder; ADHD, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BPAD, Bipolar affective disorder; IQ, intelligence quotient; SCZ, Schizophrenia; F1, Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use; F3, Mood [affective] disorders; F4, Anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic mental disorders; F5, Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors; F6,Disorders of adult personality and behaviour; CI, confidence interval
Significance levels: *p <.05, **p <.01, ***p <.001