Table 1.

Summary of representative applications of inorganic NPs in aging and AAD.

NPs type	Diseases	Model	Dose	Time	Outcomes	References
RGD-Au NPs	Neurodegenerative diseases	Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome mouse model	/	3 weeks	Enhance hippocampal neurogenesis	[157]
Au NPs	Ovarian cancer	Patient-derived xenograft mouse model	100–300 μg per mice	14 days	Inhibited the growth of ovarian cancer	[158]
Au NPs (5 nm, 20 nm)	Ischemic injury	Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion cell model	200–240 µg/L	48h	Neuroprotective efects	[160]
Au NPs (5, 50, 100 nm)	Aging	PC12 cells	3.12–100 µM	24h	Au NPs at 100 nm could maintain maximum neuronal activity	[161]
Au NPs (5, 40, 100 nm)	Heart disease	Isoproterenol-induced hyperthyroid heart disease in Sprague-Dawley rats	0.1 mM	7 days	Size-dependent cardiac protective effect	[163]
		H9c2 cell	10 µg/mL	24h	Decreased autophagy
Ag NPs	Obesity	High-fat diet mice	100, 300 mg/kg	2 weeks	Accelerated formation of steatohepatitis	[164]
Ag NPs	Myocardial infarction	Isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction rat model	2.5 mg/kg	14 days	Cardioprotective effects	[165]
Ag NPs	Aging	Drosophila	10–5 µg/mL	14 days	Shorten lifespan	[166]
Ag NPs	Aging	Drosophila	0.1, 1 µg/mL	10 days	Shorten lifespan	[167]
Ag NPs	Aging	Endothelial cells	3, 3.6, and 16 μg/mL	24h	Significant reduced the cells elasticity	[168]
Ag NPs	Lung disease	MRC5 cells	4 µg/mL	10 days	Accelerated lung cellular senescence	[169]
		C57BL/6 mice	0.7 mg/m3	4 days
Ag NPs	Cancer	MCF-7, A549 and Hep2 cell lines	10–100 µg/mL	48h	Good cytotoxicity in all cancer lines	[170]
Ag NPs		MCF-7 cell	12.5 100 mg/mL	48h	Remarkable cytotoxicity	[171]
ZnO NPs (10–30 and 35–45 nm)	Aging	Mesenchymal stem cells	0–5 µg/mL	24, 48, 72h	Size-dependent cytotoxicity	[172]
ZnO NPs	Aging	Drosophila	0.1, 1, and 10 mM	48 days	Induced aberrant phenotype in the progeny.	[174]
ZnO NPs	Neurodegenerative diseases	Adult and old male mice	5.6 mg/kg	4 weeks	Induced neurotoxicity	[175]
ZnO NPs	Colon cancer	Human HT29 colon cancer cell	10–25 µg/mL	48h	Inhibiting HT29 cell proliferation	[176]
ZnO NPs	Skin tumor	Primary mouse keratinocytes	0.5–8 µg/mL	48h	Induced cell death	[177]
		SKH-1 mice	10 % w/w	h
ZnO NPs	Lung cancer	A549 human lung cancer cells	2.5–7.5 µg/mL	24h	Decreased cell viability	[178]
Fe3O4 NPs	Neurodegenerative diseases	L929 cells	10 and 100 µg/mL	24h	Largely reduced the level of H2O2	[179]
		Drosophila	20 µg/mL	8 days	Prolonged lifespan to 57 days
		Glioma stem cells	10 µg	24, 48, 72h	Inhibits the tumourigenicity	[180]
SPIONs	Cancer	SCC-7 or 4T1 cells	80–320 µM	24h	Killed cancer cells under the influence of blue light	[181]
		Tumor-bearing mouse model	20–80 mM Fe	20 days	Prevented cancer development
SPIONs	Obesity	Human primary adipocytes	/	/	Reduced adipocytes	[182]
IONPs	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	HepG2	5–10 µg/mL	24h	Aggravated hepatic steatosis and liver injury	[183]
		C57BL/6J mice	5 mg Fe/kg	8 weeks
Fe2O3 NPs	Cardiovascular disease	Mice	25, 5 mg/kg	30 days	Cardiac dysfunction	[184]
TiO2 NPs	Cardiovascular disease	Sprague-Dawley rats	2–50 mg/kg	30, 90 days	Induced adverse cardiovascular effects	[185]
TiO2 NPs	Cardiovascular disease	H9c2 cell	20, 40 µg/cm2	72h	Reduced metabolic activity and cell proliferation	[186]
TiO2 NPs	Gestational diabetes mellitus	Gestational diabetes mellitus mice	10–250 mg/kg	20 days	Reproductive toxicity	[187]
TiO2 NPs	Cancer	HCT-116 and Caco-2 cell lines	0.01–1000 mg/L	72h	Low genotoxicity	[188]
TiO2 NPs	Cancer	Liver and lung cancer metastasis mice model	20 mg/kg	21 days	Suppressed lung and liver cancer metastasis	[189]
TiO2 NPs	Cancer	4T1 cells	0.5–32 µg/mL	2, 4, 6, 12h	Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity	[190]
		BALB/c Model of 4T1 Mammary Carcinoma	5 mg/kg	21 days	Decreased tumor size
TiOx NPs	Cancer	Cancer stem cells	200, 400 µg/mL	48h	Inhibited migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells	[191]
		BALB/c nude mouse tumors	3 mg/mL	30 days	Significantly reduced tumor size
TiO2 NPs	Skin	HaCat keratinocytes	0.007–50 µg/cm2	24, 48, 7 days	Low cytotoxicity	[192]
Thallium acetate	Cancer	C6 and U373 cell lines	5, 10, 50, 100, 200 µM	24h	Antiproliferative effects in glioblastoma cells	[193]
Platinum	Lung cancer	A549 cells	0.5 µM	72h	Compound 15 exerted the most cytotoxicity	[199]
		BALB/c nude mouse tumors	5, 11.5 mg/kg	28 days	Markedly inhibited tumor growth
Platinum complexes	Cancer	HepG2, MCF-7, SGV-7901 cell lines	1–100 µM	72h	Potent cytotoxicity	[202]
Platinum	Blind retinal diseases	Light-induced retinal degeneration mouse model	0.3, 1 µM	3 days	Maintained retinal function	[205]
		661 W cells	1–1 nM	24, 48h
CeO2 NPs	Neurodegenerative diseases	Rat hippocampal culture neurons	1 µM	24h	Neuroprotective properties	[206]
CeO2 NPs	Neurodegenerative diseases	Scopolamine-induced Alzheimer rat model	1–10	14 days	Enhanced cognitive ability	[207]
CeO2 NPs	Cancer	YM1, cancer stem cell like cell lines	200–100 µg/mL	24, 48h	Inhibited cell viability	[210]
CeO2 NPs	Cancer	MKN28 and BGC823	0.01–10 µg/mL	72h	Suppressed gastric cancer	[211]
CeO2 NPs	Cancer	HT-29, NCI-H460, MRC-5, 518A2, HaCaT, DLD1	50–500 µM	72h	Sensitive in HT-29 and 518A2 cell lines	[212]
CeO2 NPs	Heart failure	Isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxicity rats model	0.5, 5 µg/kg	5 weeks	Cardio protective effect	[213]
CeO2 NPs	Diabetes	Streptozotocin-induced rat model	30 mg/kg	weeks	Attenuate detrimental effects of diabetes	[214]
CeO2 NPs	Diabetes	Diabetic mice	60 mg/kg	16 days	Reduce fetal abnormalities	[215]
CuO NPs	Neurodegenerative diseases	SH-SY5Y cell line	1, 10, 50 µg/mL	24h	Adverse effects	[217]
Cu/CuO NPs	Cancer	A549 cell line	0.5–10 ng/mL–10 µg/mL	72h	Cytotoxicity	[219]
Cu NPs	Cancer	SW480 cell line	4–125 µg/mL	24h	Significantly inhibited cell viability	[220]
Cu NPs	Cancer	MCF-7 and LoVo cell line	1–50 µg/mL	48h	Induced apoptosis	[221]
CuO NPs	Cardiovascular diseases	EA.hy 926 cell line	5, 7.5, 10 and 15 µg/mL	24h	Induced cell death	[224]
CuO NPs	Cardiovascular diseases	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	10, 20, 40 µg/mL	24h	Vascular toxicity	[225]