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Pathophysiological mechanisms of VAP-1 in cardiovascular diseases. VAP-1, vascular adhesion protein-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; MAdCAM-1, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.
