Table 2.

Examples of extraction questions with human and LLM responses (longer responses are excerpted and indicated with [...])

Paper citation	Extraction question	Human response	GPT4x3	GPT4x1	Elicit
[37]	Which country was the study conducted in?	Solomon Islands	The study was conducted in Solomon Islands	The study was conducted in Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands.	Solomon Islands
[38]	What management mechanisms are used?	Creation of very small village-based marine reserves in which fishing is banned	Management mechanisms used include the creation of very small village-based marine reserves (tabu areas) with permanent or temporary fishing bans for certain invertebrate species and the translocation of middle-size and large trochus by local villagers to enhance population recovery within these protected zones. [...] Some common actions within these initiatives involve partial or total fishing ground closures, usually corresponding to very restricted parts of the reefs	No data	The management mechanisms used in the study are: - Creation of village-based marine reserves (tabu areas) with total fishing bans. - Translocation actions by local fishers to move certain species into protected zones to avoid poaching and increase future harvestable stock
[39]	How does the community monitor the system they are managing?	1. Indiscernible 2. Indiscernible 3. Survey 4. Indiscernible 5. Indiscernible	The community monitors the system they are managing through various marine resource management methods including enforcing restrictions on fishing methods, conducting fish stock surveys, and initiating marine protected areas. [...] Some communities also establish data gathering procedures to evaluate the effectiveness of their conservation efforts on marine resources such as the health of protected clam stocks	The community is using various practices to monitor the system they are managing, including enforcing measures and restrictions on fishing methods, conducting fish stock surveys and initiating marine protected areas. [...] An experiment in Fiji indicated that the local communities were able to monitor the impact of their management measures by conducting systematic data gathering regarding the health of protected clam stocks	The communities described in the paper monitor their marine resource management systems through direct observation and data collection by trained community members, as well as by integrating traditional observational methods with science-based techniques. [...]
[40]	What are the reported barriers to success of Community-Based Fisheries Management?	Poaching	The reported barriers to the success of Community-Based Fisheries Management are inaccurate local knowledge regarding spawning seasons, vulnerability of fish spawning aggregations to nighttime spearfishing, limited protection offered by the proposed closed season, and poaching despite the establishment of a no-take Marine Protected Area (MPA)	No data	Poaching by nighttime spearfishermen - Multiple communities claiming customary rights to fish the FSA, leading to difficulties in reaching management consensus - The remote location of the FSA, reducing the likelihood of detecting poaching activities - Limited capacity of local leaders and provincial fisheries officers to enforce the MPA closure
[37]	How does the community monitor the system they are managing?	No answer	The community, namely the fishers in Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands, monitors the system they are managing by carefully observing long-term ecological changes, specifically in the seagrass meadows. They detect shifts in the spatial coverage of these meadows and understand the driving factors behind these alterations. [...]	The fishers in Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands have shown the ability to effectively monitor long-term ecological changes in their environment, particularly in relation to seagrass meadows. They can detect changes in the spatial cover of the seagrass meadows and understand how these changes are driven. [...] Local resource users’ abilities to monitor these ecological changes shape marine resource use and practices, which can increase the management adaptability of indigenous or hybrid governance systems	The community in Roviana Lagoon monitors their marine resources through a combination of semi-structured interviews, group interviews with local ecological experts, historical aerial photography, IKONOS satellite images, and field-based surveys. [...]
[41]	How was the data on benefits collected?	Using genetic analysis to determine if protected MPA is benefiting community which created MPA	The data on benefits was collected through a genetic parentage analysis to ascertain larval dispersal from a single fish spawning aggregation of squaretail coral grouper at Manus, Papua New Guinea. [...] Adult coral grouper from a managed spawning aggregation were sampled, tagged, and tissue samples were obtained	The data on benefits, in this case the dispersal and contribution of larvae from a single fish spawning aggregation to fisheries replenishment, was collected using genetic parentage analysis. [...]	The method used to collect data on benefits was genetic parentage analysis, which involved sampling, measuring, and tagging adult coral groupers, as well as collecting and measuring juveniles. [...]