. 2025 Jun 2;25:641. doi: 10.1186/s12884-025-07766-y

Table 2.

The case number and ASR of prevalence of MHD in 1990 and 2021 for female by SDI quintiles and by GBD regions, with EAPC from 1990 to 2021

Prevalence	1990	2021
	Number (95% UIs)	ASPR(95% UIs)	Number (95% UIs)	ASPR(95% UIs)	EAPC (95% CI) 1990–2021
Global	3,076,691 (1,997,627-4,481,074)	180.59 (117.25-263.02)	3,520,625 (2,279,278-5,084,397)	141.12 (91.36-203.81)	-0.54 (-0.6 to -0.47)
High SDI	261,686 (167,014–391,787)	93.46 (59.65-139.93)	259,630 (168,010–377,648)	83.99 (54.35–22.16)	-0.51 (-0.7 to -0.32)
High-middle SDI	328,87 (206,50–499,19	94.34(59.41–3.54)	281,971 (176,919 − 418,676)	72.12 (45.25-107.08)	0.15 (-0.21 to 0.51)
Middle SDI	817,326 (526,616-1,201,473)	144.34 (93.00-212.18)	734,683 (467,492 1,071,245)	92.99 (59.17-135.59)	-0.79 (-0.94 to -0.63)
Low-middle SDI	861,716 (555,045 − 1,267,717)	240.30 (154.78-353.52)	939,109 (610,340-1,360,617	146.17 (94.00-211.77)	-1.89 (-2.1 to -1.68)
Low SDI	805,351 (529,167-1,171,500)	540.21 (354.95-785.81)	1,302,927 (860,960-1,902,981)	361.81 (239.08-528.43)	-1.3 (-1.44 to -1.15)
Andean Latin America	10,374 (6,930 − 14,915)	83.96 (56.09-120.71)	18,220 (12,690 − 25,001)	83.26 (57.99-114.26)	-0.16 (-0.49 to 0.17)
Australasia	8,037 (5,349 − 11,686)	122.19 (81.32-177.66)	7,409 (4,517 − 10,925)	80.79 (49.26-119.13)	-1.19 (-1.42 to -0.97)
Caribbean	18,586 (11,972 − 29,352)	157.96 (101.74-249.46)	15,638 (9,868 − 23,418)	102.26 (64.53-153.13)	-1.15 (-1.23 to -1.06)
Central Asia	14,389 (8,962 − 22,087)	65.74 (40.95-100.91)	19,104 (11,959 − 28,730)	62.11 (38.88–93.41)	0.49 (0.17 to 0.81)
Central Europe	25,131 (15,405 − 39,897)	63.7 (39.04-101.12)	17,869 (11,497 − 26,001)	54.62 (35.15–79.48)	-0.34 (-0.7 to 0.02)
Central Latin America	115,079 (74,433 − 168,867)	211.5 (136.8-310.35)	102,308 (68,856 − 145,556)	118.8 (79.95-169.02)	-0.82 (-1.23 to -0.4)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa	114,184 (75,279 − 167,133)	691.29 (455.75-1,011.85)	176,527 (114,494 − 257,551)	406.35 (263.55-592.86)	-1.55 (-1.72 to -1.38)
East Asia	276,325 (166,315–440,395)	67.68 (40.74-107.87)	156,013 (94,867 − 238,503)	35.94 (21.85–54.94)	-0.46 (-1.74 to 0.84)
Eastern Europe	102,064 (62,996 − 156,566)	141.93 (87.60-217.72)	88,184 (54,981 − 134,308)	144.06 (89.82-219.41)	1.13 (0.66 to 1.6)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa	388,816 (255,009-569813)	671.88 (440.66-984.64)	602,266 (396,782–876,263)	430.14 (283.38-625.83)	-1.41 (-1.57 to -1.25)
High-income Asia Pacific	31,578 (19,282 − 48,836)	55.06 (33.62–85.15)	18,741 (12,085 − 27,290)	38.17 (24.61–55.58)	-1.93 (-2.51 to -1.34)
High-income North America	124,115 (77,999 − 192,941)	137.27 (86.27-213.39)	131,064 (85,938 − 185,150)	122.21 (80.13-172.65)	-0.49 (-0.73 to -0.26)
North Africa and Middle East	239,480 (151,545 − 352,545)	231.57 (146.54-340.91)	270,126 (166,026-405191)	133.95 (82.33-200.93)	-1.4 (-1.57 to -1.23)
Oceania	3732 (2,366-5,547)	184.502 (116.969-274.256)	6,866 (4,293 − 10,429)	155.02 (96.92-235.46)	-0.78 (-0.82 to -0.74)
South Asia	690,077 (431,663-1,057,306)	207.45 (129.77-317.84)	597,394 (374,209–901,826)	96.13 (60.22-145.12)	-3.06 (-3.58 to -2.55)
Southeast Asia	250,255 (156,168–370,483)	161.29 (100.65-238.78)	245,050 (153,080–364,422)	105.7 (66.03-157.18)	-1.26 (-1.34 to -1.19)
Southern Latin America	24,774 (15,451 − 37,691)	155.84 (97.19-237.09)	31,021 (20,449 − 45,051)	141.83 (93.49-205.97)	-0.09 (-0.2 to 0.02)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa	72,228 (47,321 − 104,626)	417.15 (273.3-604.27)	74,400 (48,546 − 106,736)	271.61 (177.22-389.66)	-1.19 (-1.25 to -1.13)
Tropical Latin America	75,485 (47,196 − 119,826)	146.70 (91.72-232.88)	65,638 (43,014–94,496)	86.99 (57.01-125.24)	-1.5 (-1.89 to -1.12)
Western Europe	82,654 (51,188 − 127,530)	69.46 (43.02-107.18)	85,626 (53,336 − 127,824)	70.93 (44.18-105.88)	0.38 (0.22 to 0.54)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa	409,329 (272,978 − 588,062)	705.37 (470.41-1,013.37)	791,163 (528,610-1,132,040)	498.01 (332.74-712.58)	-0.89 (-1.12 to -0.65)

Prevalence

1990

2021

Number (95% UIs)

ASPR(95% UIs)

Number (95% UIs)

ASPR(95% UIs)

EAPC (95% CI) 1990–2021

Global

3,076,691

(1,997,627-4,481,074)

180.59

(117.25-263.02)

3,520,625

(2,279,278-5,084,397)

141.12

(91.36-203.81)

-0.54

(-0.6 to -0.47)

High SDI

261,686

(167,014–391,787)

93.46

(59.65-139.93)

259,630

(168,010–377,648)

83.99

(54.35–22.16)

-0.51

(-0.7 to -0.32)

High-middle SDI

328,87 (206,50–499,19

94.34(59.41–3.54)

281,971

(176,919 − 418,676)

72.12

(45.25-107.08)

0.15

(-0.21 to 0.51)

Middle SDI

817,326

(526,616-1,201,473)

144.34

(93.00-212.18)

734,683

(467,492 1,071,245)

92.99

(59.17-135.59)

-0.79

(-0.94 to -0.63)

Low-middle SDI

861,716

(555,045 − 1,267,717)

240.30

(154.78-353.52)

939,109

(610,340-1,360,617

146.17

(94.00-211.77)

-1.89

(-2.1 to -1.68)

Low SDI

805,351

(529,167-1,171,500)

540.21

(354.95-785.81)

1,302,927

(860,960-1,902,981)

361.81

(239.08-528.43)

-1.3

(-1.44 to -1.15)

Andean Latin America

10,374

(6,930 − 14,915)

83.96

(56.09-120.71)

18,220

(12,690 − 25,001)

83.26

(57.99-114.26)

-0.16

(-0.49 to 0.17)

Australasia

8,037

(5,349 − 11,686)

122.19

(81.32-177.66)

7,409

(4,517 − 10,925)

80.79

(49.26-119.13)

-1.19

(-1.42 to -0.97)

Caribbean

18,586

(11,972 − 29,352)

157.96

(101.74-249.46)

15,638

(9,868 − 23,418)

102.26

(64.53-153.13)

-1.15

(-1.23 to -1.06)

Central Asia

14,389

(8,962 − 22,087)

65.74

(40.95-100.91)

19,104

(11,959 − 28,730)

62.11

(38.88–93.41)

0.49

(0.17 to 0.81)

Central Europe

25,131

(15,405 − 39,897)

63.7

(39.04-101.12)

17,869

(11,497 − 26,001)

54.62

(35.15–79.48)

-0.34

(-0.7 to 0.02)

Central Latin America

115,079

(74,433 − 168,867)

211.5

(136.8-310.35)

102,308

(68,856 − 145,556)

118.8

(79.95-169.02)

-0.82

(-1.23 to -0.4)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

114,184

(75,279 − 167,133)

691.29

(455.75-1,011.85)

176,527

(114,494 − 257,551)

406.35

(263.55-592.86)

-1.55

(-1.72 to -1.38)

East Asia

276,325

(166,315–440,395)

67.68

(40.74-107.87)

156,013

(94,867 − 238,503)

35.94

(21.85–54.94)

-0.46

(-1.74 to 0.84)

Eastern Europe

102,064

(62,996 − 156,566)

141.93

(87.60-217.72)

88,184

(54,981 − 134,308)

144.06

(89.82-219.41)

1.13

(0.66 to 1.6)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

388,816

(255,009-569813)

671.88

(440.66-984.64)

602,266

(396,782–876,263)

430.14

(283.38-625.83)

-1.41

(-1.57 to -1.25)

High-income Asia Pacific

31,578

(19,282 − 48,836)

55.06

(33.62–85.15)

18,741

(12,085 − 27,290)

38.17

(24.61–55.58)

-1.93

(-2.51 to -1.34)

High-income North America

124,115

(77,999 − 192,941)

137.27

(86.27-213.39)

131,064

(85,938 − 185,150)

122.21

(80.13-172.65)

-0.49

(-0.73 to -0.26)

North Africa and Middle East

239,480

(151,545 − 352,545)

231.57

(146.54-340.91)

270,126

(166,026-405191)

133.95

(82.33-200.93)

-1.4

(-1.57 to -1.23)

Oceania

3732

(2,366-5,547)

184.502

(116.969-274.256)

6,866

(4,293 − 10,429)

155.02

(96.92-235.46)

-0.78

(-0.82 to -0.74)

South Asia

690,077

(431,663-1,057,306)

207.45

(129.77-317.84)

597,394

(374,209–901,826)

96.13

(60.22-145.12)

-3.06

(-3.58 to -2.55)

Southeast Asia

250,255

(156,168–370,483)

161.29

(100.65-238.78)

245,050

(153,080–364,422)

105.7

(66.03-157.18)

-1.26

(-1.34 to -1.19)

Southern Latin America

24,774

(15,451 − 37,691)

155.84

(97.19-237.09)

31,021

(20,449 − 45,051)

141.83

(93.49-205.97)

-0.09

(-0.2 to 0.02)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

72,228

(47,321 − 104,626)

417.15

(273.3-604.27)

74,400

(48,546 − 106,736)

271.61

(177.22-389.66)

-1.19

(-1.25 to -1.13)

Tropical Latin America

75,485

(47,196 − 119,826)

146.70

(91.72-232.88)

65,638

(43,014–94,496)

86.99

(57.01-125.24)

-1.5

(-1.89 to -1.12)

Western Europe

82,654

(51,188 − 127,530)

69.46

(43.02-107.18)

85,626

(53,336 − 127,824)

70.93

(44.18-105.88)

0.38

(0.22 to 0.54)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

409,329

(272,978 − 588,062)

705.37

(470.41-1,013.37)

791,163

(528,610-1,132,040)

498.01

(332.74-712.58)

-0.89

(-1.12 to -0.65)

Abbreviations: ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rate; MHD, Maternal Hypertensive Disorders; SDI, sociodemographic index; GBD, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; UIs, uncertainty intervals; CI, confidence interval