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. 2025 May 19;16:1580271. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1580271

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Copyright © 2025 Mada, Ochi, Okamoto and Takamatsu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Core gene-based Neighbor-Joining SNPs tree of BAPS group 1 C. perfringens strains (left side) and 36 virulence-related gene profiles of the strains (right side). BAPS group 1 strains were divided into eight BAPS sub-groups (1-1–1-8) using rhierBAPS. Bootstrap values are indicated by the size of purple circles on the branches. The scale bar represents 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide. CP280 is indicated by a black arrow, and the type G strains, whose netB-positive plasmids were compared in the present study, are indicated in red letters. The possession of virulence-related genes in each strain was determined by ≥90% identity and ≥80% coverage with the reference virulence-related gene sequences. Two types of iap/ibp genes encoding a508.17-type (*) and JGS1987-type (**) iota-toxins were defined by Mada et al. (2023).