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. 2025 May 30;13:e19505. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19505

Table 2. Demographic characteristics of pregnant women and their spouses (n = 804).

Characteristics Sample 1 (n = 404) Sample 2 (400)
Pregnant women (n = 202) Spouses (n = 202) Pregnant women (n = 200) Spouses (n = 200)
Age, years (n, %)
20–24 21 (10.4) 11 (5.4) 39 (19.5) 22 (11.0)
25–29 84 (41.6) 79 (39.1) 70 (35) 78 (39.0)
30–35 86 (42.6) 85 (42.1) 77 (38.5) 80 (40.0)
>35 11 (5.4) 27 (13.4) 14 (7.0) 20 (10.0)
Educational level (n, %)
Junior high school and below 50 (24.7) 46 (22.8) 50 (25.0) 45 (22.5)
High school and associate degree 82 (40.6) 91 (45.0) 77 (38.5) 83 (41.5)
Bachelor’s degree and above 70 (34.7) 65 (32.2) 73 (36.5) 72 (36.0)
Job (n, %)
Employee 65 (32.2) 122 (60.4) 56 (28.0) 131 (65.5)
Maternity leave (Paternity leave) 48 (23.8) 54 (26.7) 39 (19.5) 36 (18.0)
Unemployed 89 (44.0) 26 (12.9) 105 (52.5) 33 (16.5)
Gender expectations for the baby (n, %)
Yes 40 (19.8) 42 (20.8) 23 (11.5) 34 (17.0)
Average 46 (22.8) 40 (19.8) 47 (23.5) 40 (20.0)
No 116 (57.4) 120 (59.4) 130 (65) 126 (63.0)
Sleep (n, %)
Very good 33 (16.3) 59 (29.2) 23 (11.5) 55 (27.5)
Good 38 (18.8) 62 (30.7) 36 (18.0) 65 (32.5)
Average 114 (56.4) 71 (35.1) 129 (64.5) 75 (37.5)
Poor 17 (8.5) 10 (5.0) 12 (6.0) 5 (2.5)
Usage of pregnancy-related apps (n, %)
Yes 169 (83.7) 110 (54.5) 160 (80.0) 107 (53.5)
No 33 (16.3) 92 (45.5) 40 (20.0) 93 (46.5)
Men’s paternity experience (n, %)
Yes 56 (27.7) 23 (11.5)
No 146 (72.3) 177 (88.5)
Adverse obstetric history (n, %)
Yes 29 (14.4) 26 (13.0)
No 173 (85.6) 174 (87.0)