Table 2. Estimated marginal mean values of lipid parameters based on time since the last meal, with mean differences between the fasting state of >12 to ≤14 hours and other fasting durations.

Time since last meal	N	Estimated marginal mean (95% CI)	Standard error (SE)	Absolute mean difference (95% CI)	Percent mean difference (%)	P
LDL-C by Friedewald, mmol/L
≤ 2	573	2.69 (2.6 to 2.78)	0.04	- 0.32 (- 0.47 to - 0.17)	- 10.6	< 0.001
> 2 to ≤ 4	1272	2.7 (2.64 to 2.76)	0.03	- 0.31 (- 0.42 to - 0.2)	- 10.3	< 0.001
> 4 to ≤ 6	979	2.73 (2.66 to 2.81)	0.04	- 0.28 (- 0.41 to - 0.15)	- 9.3	< 0.001
> 6 to ≤ 8	564	2.82 (2.73 to 2.91)	0.05	- 0.19 (- 0.34 to - 0.04)	- 6.3	0.002
> 8 to ≤ 10	1238	3.01 (2.94 to 3.07)	0.03	0 (- 0.11 to 0.11)	0.0	1.000
> 10 to ≤ 12	3172	2.97 (2.93 to 3.01)	0.02	- 0.04 (-0.11 to 0.03)	- 1.3	1.000
> 12 to ≤ 14	31,629	3.01 (3 to 3.02)	0.01
> 14 to ≤ 16	28,740	3.02 (3 to 3.03)	0.01	0.01 (- 0.03 to 0.04)	0.3	1.000
> 16 to ≤ 18	3207	2.97 (2.93 to 3.01)	0.02	- 0.04 (- 0.12 to 0.04)	- 1.3	1.000
≤ 2	573	2.83 (2.74 to 2.91)	0.04	- 0.26 (- 0.41 to - 0.12)	- 8.4	< 0.001
> 2 to ≤ 4	1272	2.84 (2.77 to 2.9)	0.03	- 0.25 (- 0.36 to - 0.15)	- 8.1	< 0.001
LDL-C by Martin-Hopkins, mmol/L
> 4 to ≤ 6	979	2.86 (2.79 to 2.94)	0.04	- 0.23 (- 0.35 to - 0.1)	- 7.4	< 0.001
> 6 to ≤ 8	564	2.92 (2.83 to 3.01)	0.04	- 0.17 (- 0.32 to - 0.02)	- 5.5	0.007
> 8 to ≤ 10	1238	3.08 (3.02 to 3.15)	0.03	- 0.01 (- 0.11 to 0.1)	- 0.3	1.000
> 10 to ≤ 12	3172	3.05 (3.01 to 3.1)	0.02	- 0.04 (- 0.11 to 0.03)	- 1.3	1.000
> 12 to ≤ 14	31,629	3.09 (3.08 to 3.11)	0.01
> 14 to ≤ 16	28,740	3.09 (3.08 to 3.11)	0.01	0 (- 0.03 to 0.04)	0.0	1.000
> 16 to ≤ 18	3207	3.05 (3.01 to 3.09)	0.02	- 0.04 (- 0.11 to 0.03)	- 1.3	1.000
≤ 2	573	2.78 (2.7 to 2.87)	0.04	- 0.3 (- 0.45 to - 0.16)	- 9.7	< 0.001
> 2 to ≤ 4	1272	2.79 (2.73 to 2.85)	0.03	- 0.29 (- 0.4 to - 0.18)	- 9.4	< 0.001
> 4 to ≤ 6	979	2.82 (2.75 to 2.9)	0.04	- 0.26 (- 0.39 to - 0.13)	- 8.4	< 0.001
LDL-C by Sampson/NIH, mmol/L
> 6 to ≤ 8	564	2.9 (2.82 to 2.99)	0.04	- 0.18 (- 0.33 to - 0.03)	- 5.8	0.003
> 8 to ≤ 10	1238	3.08 (3.01 to 3.14)	0.03	0 (- 0.11 to 0.1)	0.0	1.000
> 10 to ≤ 12	3172	3.04 (3 to 3.09)	0.02	- 0.04 (- 0.11 to 0.03)	- 1.3	1.000
> 12 to ≤ 14	31,629	3.08 (3.07 to 3.1)	0.01
> 14 to ≤ 16	28,740	3.09 (3.08 to 3.1)	0.01	0.01 (- 0.03 to 0.04)	0.3	1.000
> 16 to ≤ 18	3207	3.04 (3 to 3.08)	0.02	- 0.04 (- 0.12 to 0.03)	- 1.3	1.000
≤ 2	573	1.86 (1.78 to 1.93)	0.04	0.22 (0.1 to 0.34)	13.4	< 0.001
> 2 to ≤ 4	1272	1.87 (1.81 to 1.92)	0.03	0.23 (0.14 to 0.31)	14.0	< 0.001
> 4 to ≤ 6	979	1.86 (1.79 to 1.92)	0.03	0.23 (0.11 to 0.32)	14.0	< 0.001
Triglyceride, mmol/L
> 6 to ≤ 8	564	1.68 (1.6 to 1.75)	0.04	0.04 (- 0.09 to 0.16)	2.4	1.000
> 8 to ≤ 10	1238	1.61 (1.56 to 1.66)	0.03	- 0.03 (- 0.12 to 0.06)	- 1.8	1.000
> 10 to ≤ 12	3172	1.64 (1.61 to 1.68)	0.02	0 (- 0.06 to 0.06)	0.0	1.000
> 12 to ≤ 14	31,629	1.64 (1.63 to 1.65)	0.01
> 14 to ≤ 16	28,740	1.62 (1.61 to 1.63)	0.01	- 0.02 (- 0.05 to 0.01)	- 1.2	0.711
> 16 to ≤ 18	3207	1.63 (1.6 to 1.67)	0.02	0 (- 0.07 to 0.06)	0.0	1.000
≤ 2	573	4.79 (4.69 to 4.89)	0.05	- 0.25 (- 0.42 to - 0.09)	- 5.0	< 0.001
> 2 to ≤ 4	1272	4.78 (4.71 to 4.85)	0.04	- 0.26 (- 0.39 to - 0.14)	- 5.2	< 0.001
> 4 to ≤ 6	979	4.84 (4.75 to 4.92)	0.04	- 0.2 (- 0.35 to -0.06)	- 4.0	< 0.001
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
> 6 to ≤ 8	564	4.83 (4.73 to 4.93)	0.05	- 0.21 (- 0.38 to - 0.04)	- 4.2	0.002
> 8 to ≤ 10	1238	5 (4.93 to 5.07)	0.04	- 0.04 (- 0.17 to 0.08)	- 0.8	1.000
> 10 to ≤ 12	3172	4.96 (4.91 to 5.01)	0.02	- 0.08 (- 0.16 to 0)	- 1.6	0.080
> 12 to ≤ 14	31,629	5.04 (5.03 to 5.06)	0.01
> 14 to ≤ 16	28,740	5.04 (5.02 to 5.05)	0.01	0 (- 0.04 to 0.04)	0.0	1.000
> 16 to ≤ 18	3207	4.96 (4.91 to 5.01)	0.02	- 0.08 (- 0.17 to 0)	- 1.6	0.064
≤ 2	573	1.25 (1.22 to 1.28)	0.01	- 0.03 (- 0.08 to 0.01)	- 2.3	0.891
> 2 to ≤ 4	1272	1.23 (1.21 to 1.25)	0.01	- 0.05 (- 0.09 to - 0.02)	- 3.9	< 0.001
> 4 to ≤ 6	979	1.26 (1.23 to 1.28)	0.01	- 0.02 (- 0.07 to 0.02)	- 1.6	1.000
HDL-C, mmol/L
> 6 to ≤ 8	564	1.24 (1.21 to 1.27)	0.01	- 0.04 (- 0.09 to 0.01)	- 3.1	0.191
> 8 to ≤ 10	1238	1.25 (1.23 to 1.27)	0.01	- 0.03 (- 0.06 to 0.01)	- 2.3	0.510
> 10 to ≤ 12	3172	1.24 (1.23 to 1.26)	0.01	- 0.04 (- 0.06 to - 0.01)	- 3.1	< 0.001
> 12 to ≤ 14	31,629	1.28 (1.28 to 1.29)	0
> 14 to ≤ 16	28,740	1.28 (1.28 to 1.28)	0	0 (- 0.01 to 0.01)	0.0	1.000
> 16 to ≤ 18	3207	1.24 (1.22 to 1.25)	0.01	- 0.04 (- 0.07 to - 0.02)	- 3.1	< 0.001
≤ 2	573	3.54 (3.44 to 3.64)	0.05	- 0.22 (- 0.38 to - 0.06)	- 5.9	0.001
> 2 to ≤ 4	1272	3.55 (3.48 to 3.62)	0.04	- 0.21 (- 0.33 to - 0.09)	- 5.6	< 0.001
> 4 to ≤ 6	979	3.58 (3.5 to 3.67)	0.04	- 0.18 (- 0.32 to - 0.04)	- 4.8	0.002
> 6 to ≤ 8	564	3.59 (3.49 to 3.69)	0.05	- 0.17 (- 0.34 to 0)	- 4.5	0.038
> 8 to ≤ 10	1238	3.75 (3.67 to 3.82)	0.04	- 0.01 (- 0.14 to 0.11)	- 0.3	1.000
Non-HDL-C, mmol/L
> 10 to ≤ 12	3172	3.72 (3.67 to 3.77)	0.02	- 0.04 (- 0.12 to 0.04)	- 1.1	1.000
> 12 to ≤ 14	31,629	3.76 (3.75 to 3.78)	0.01
> 14 to ≤ 16	28,740	3.76 (3.74 to 3.77)	0.01	0 (- 0.04 to 0.04)	0.0	1.000
> 16 to ≤ 18	3207	3.72 (3.67 to 3.77)	0.02	- 0.04 (- 0.13 to 0.04)	- 1.1	1.000
LDL-C - low density lipoprotein cholesterol. HDL-C - high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The > 12 to ≤ 14-hour fasting group was used as the reference group, and the statistical evaluations were conducted by comparing other fasting groups to this group. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.