Table 2.

Comparison of HbA1c levels, diabetes Self-Management, and empowerment scores by group

	Group	Pretest			Posttest	T		p		Effect size
Diabetes self-management total	Education	50.00 ± 9.45			65.26 ± 9.40	-9.242		< 0.001		1.619
	Control	49.00 ± 9.44			50.74 ± 9.41	-5.207		< 0.001		0.184
	Coaching	46.44 ± 10.35			81.82 ± 8.41	-14.932		< 0.001		3.752
	F	1.203			99.612
	p	0.305			< 0.001
	T0-T1*	-			1.544
	T1-T2*	-			3.483
	T0-T2*	-			1.856
Diabetes empowerment total	Education	2.96 ± 0.34		3.39 ± 0.44			-8.930		< 0.001		1.114
	Control	3.06 ± 0.28		3.05 ± 0.30			0.455		0.652		-
	Coaching	2.97 ± 0.41		4.36 ± 0.48			-13.948		< 0.001		3.104
	F	0.899		90.854
	p	0.410		< 0.001
	T0-T1*	-		0.909
	T1-T2*	-		3.263
	T0-T2*	-		2.089
HbA1c	Education	9.30 ± 1.45		8.89 ± 1.31			5.042		< 0.001		0.294
	Control	9.43 ± 1.73		9.40 ± 1.68			0.692		0.494		-
	Coaching	9.41 ± 1.54		7.93 ± 0.97			9.299		< 0.001		1.147
	F	0.072		10.254
	p	0.930		< 0.001
	T0-T1*	-		-
	T1-T2*	-		1.066
	T0-T2*	-		-

T0: Education, T1: Control, T2: Coaching, * Effect size