Table 2.
Summary of studies conducted on the effect of VR exercise interventions on postural balance athlete with ACL-R
| Article | Sample | Intervention | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Author(s) (Year/Country) |
Number (M/F) |
Age(y) Mean ± SD |
Duration (Weeks/ Sesseion Per week) | Type of Intervention | Graft Type | Outcome Measure | Instrument | Result |
|
Gsangaya et al. (21) (2023/Malaysia) |
Experimental group, n = 15 (13/2) |
28.6 ± NR | 12 | Headmaster 3.0, Dream Match Tennis, Beat Saber for PSVR, Knockout League, Hoops, Richie’s Plank Experience, Pong It VR, Egg Time VR, Sparc VR | hamstring autograft | Limb loading, balance, range of motion of the knee, hop tests, pain score, IKDC score | Nintendo Wii, Lower Limb Weighing Device, goniometer, IKDC 2000, Y-balance |
Significant improvement in pain scores and IKDC scores in the experimental group compared to the control group No significance in other variables |
|
Control group, n = 15 (10/5) |
25.1 ± NR | 12 | AAROM (Knee), CKC flexion, prone hanging, isometric quadriceps, SLR, PKE, PRKFE, SLB exercises, cycling, additional jogging activities | hamstring autograft | ||||
|
Betul Karakoc et al. (35) (2019/Turkey) |
Experimental group n = 14 (M) |
31 ± 8.41 | 6/3 | Soccerheading, Skiing, Tabletilt, Penguinslide | NR | Pain, LEFS, balance, COG | Nintendo Wii balance board | No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the rate of change in any of these parameters. |
|
Control group, n = 8 (M) |
24 ± 5.94 | 6/3 | WBSE, FBE, ROM | NR | ||||
|
Kazemnejad et al. (36) (2023/Iran) |
Experimental group n = 10 (M) |
24.7 ± 4.24 | 12/3 | Ski Slalom, Ski Jump, Table Tilt, Table Tilt Plus, Tightrope Walk, Balance Bubble, Balance Bubble Plus, Penguin Slide, Snowboard Slalom, Skateboard Arena | bone-patellar tendon-bone graft | VAS, Knee flexion Range, Tigh Girth, knee effusion, BESS, MSEBT, SLHD, SLHT | Expert System | The Wii Fit group showed significant improvements in pain, knee swelling, thigh circumference, knee range of motion, static and dynamic balance, and single-leg jump symmetry indices compared with the control group (p < 0.05) |
|
Control group, n = 10 (M) |
24.4 ± 3.16 | 12/3 | Static exercises for quadriceps, hamstring, gluteal muscles, and SLR, CKC exercises (wall sit, mini squat, and leg press), HMSE, Proprioception exercises, Treadmill (Walk/Jog) | bone-patellar tendon-bone graft | ||||
|
Baltaci et al. (18) (2013/Turkey) |
Experimental group n = 15 (M) |
28.6 ± 6.8 | 12/3 | The bowling and skiing games in Wii Sports, Boxing, Football, Balance Board in Sports Pro Series | hamstring tendon graft | Coordination, proprioception, response time, Dynamic balance, Muscle strength | functional squat system, Isomed 2000 isokinetic dynamometer | No significant differences were observed in knee strength, dynamic balance, and squat performance between the two groups over 12 weeks |
|
Control group, n = 15 (M) |
29.3 ± 5.7 | 12/3 | CKC flexion exercises, Prone hanging exercise, SLR and isometric quadriceps, cycling, balance exercises, | hamstring tendon graft | ||||
AAROM: Active-assisted ROM exercises, BESS: Balance Error Scoring System, BPTB: bone-patellar tendon-bone, CKC: Closed kinetic chain, COG: center of gravity, FBE: Functional and balance exercises, HMSE: Hip muscles strengthening exercises, LEFS: Lower Extremity Functional Score, MSEBT: Modified STAR Excursion Balance Test, NR: Not reported, PKE: Passive knee extension, PRKFE: Progressive resistive knee flexion and extension, RKEFE: Resistive knee extension and flexion exercises, ROM: range of motion, SLB: Single leg balance, SLHD: Single-Leg Hop Distance, SLHT: Single-Leg Hop time, SLR: Straight leg rise, VAS: Visual Analog Scale, VR: Virtual reality, WBSE: Weight-bearing and strengthening exercises