Table 5.

Summary of SSPCMs with biomass‐derived carbonaceous supports from articles published between 2018 and 2024.

Bioresourcea )	Thermal treatment	PCM | T m [°C]	Loading [wt%]	Melting enthalpy at 1st cycle [J g−1]	Melting enthalpy at n cycles | % retention	Thermal conductivity [W m−1 K−1] | increase [%]	Photothermal conversion efficiency [%]	References
Poplar wood	Washed in water	1‐TDO | 37.2	60.1	138.7	n/a	n/a	n/a	[104]
Poplar wood	1000 °C (N2)	1‐TDO | 37.2	73.4	165.8	200 | 84.4	0.52–0.66a | 115.8–173.9	n/a	[104]
Cotton	MgO | 700 °C (Ar)	1‐HDO | 51.4	85.0	204.4	200 | 98.0	0.37a | 5.7	n/a	[111]
Cotton	MgO | 800 °C (Ar)	1‐HDO | 51.4	90.0	219.4	200 | 95.4	0.40a | 14.3	n/a	[111]
Cotton	MgO | 900 °C (Ar)	1‐HDO | 51.4	88.0	215.5	200 | 90.6	0.41a | 17.1	n/a	[111]
Succulent	1000 °C (vacuum)	Paraffin | 40.8	62.8	83.6	n/a	n/a	82.0@300 mW cm−2	[119]
Succulent	1000 °C (vacuum)	Paraffin | 40.8	94.8	133.1	n/a	0.31a | 25.0	n/a	[119]
Fresh potato	1300 °C (N2)	PEG 4000 | 58.8	85.4	158.8	n/a	4.49b | 951.0	n/a	[110]
White radish	1300 °C (N2)	PEG 4000 | 58.8	89.8	159.7	n/a	1.75b | 309.8	n/a	[110]
Sunflower straw	400 °C	Stearic acid | 68.1	83.7	186.1	n/a	0.33c | 106.3	n/a	[254]
Sycamore wood	Delignified 500 °C (N2)	Lauric acid | 42.8	81.1	177.9	100 | 98.8	0.270 d | n/a	n/a	[255]
Cotton	1200 °C (Ar) Pressed at 16 mm	Paraffin | 25.5	95.5	209.3	n/a	0.29c | 17.6	n/a	[112]
Cotton	2400 °C (Ar) Pressed at 10 mm	Paraffin | 25.5	92.2	202.2	n/a	0.43c | 73.6	n/a	[112]
Cotton	2400 °C (Ar) Pressed at 16 mm	Paraffin | 25.5	95.1	205.7	n/a	0.36c | 43.2	n/a	[112]
Cotton	900 °C (Ar)	Paraffin | 40.2	84.1	182.0	n/a	0.40e | 39.9	76.4@100 mW cm−2	[120]
Sunflower stem	1000 °C (Ar)	1‐HDA | 44.0	95.2	271.0	50 | 99.7	0.38f | 157.8	67.8@100 mW cm−2	[117]
Sunflower stem	1000 °C (Ar)	Palmitic acid | 61.8	n/a	233.8	50 | 92.6	0.34f | 111.1	n/a	[117]
Sunflower rec.	1000 °C (Ar)	1‐HDA | 44.0	89.7	239.4	50 | 99.7	0.37f | 153.7	75.6@100 mW cm−2	[117]
Sisal fibers	2400 °C (Ar) Density 0.097 g cm−3	Paraffin | 57.8	91.3	201.6	100 | 99.9	0.42–0.95f | 68–280	n/a	[127]
Sisal fibers	2400 °C (Ar) Density 0.172 g cm−3	Paraffin | 57.8	87.2	192.2	100 | 99.9	0.62–1.73f | 148–592	n/a	[127]
Sucrose	NaHCO3 | 800 °C (N2)	Paraffin | 25.4	84.0	152.2	1000 | 100.5	0.33a | 22.2	31.0@200 mW cm−2 89.0@300 mW cm−2	[123]
Towel gourd	900 °C (N2)	PEG 2000 | 58.9	94.5	164.3	n/a	n/a	n/a	[129]
Watermelon	HTC 200 °C	Mannitol | 170.2	97.0	281.9	n/a	0.78 g | 20	n/a	[118]
Watermelon	HTC 200 °C	Mannitol | 170.2	88.0	255.5	n/a	1.05 g | 61.5	n/a	[118]
Gelatin	Fe(NO3)3 | 800 °C (N2)	Eicosane | 35.8	85.8	211.7	1000 | 96.6	0.52f | 13	60.6@200 mW cm−2 93.3@300 mW cm−2	[122]
Water chesnut	HTC 130 °C AlO6P3 | 800 °C (N2)	Octadecane | 29.7	85.0	216.2	100 | 99.0	1.47a | 673	96.1@100 mW cm−2	[133]
Water chesnut	HTC 130 °C AlO6P3 | 900 °C (N2)	Octadecane | 29.7	80.0	192.3	n/a	1.52a | 700	n/a	[133]
Balsa	Delignified	Paraffin | 41.5	85.1	199.9	30 | 86.5	n/a	60.0@100 mW cm−2	[135]
Balsa	Delign. | 300 °C (N2)	Paraffin | 41.5	85.0	201.7–206.3	30 | 91.7–95.7	0.135–0.182h | n/a	85.6–90@100 mW cm−2	[135]
Corn straw	400 °C (N2)	PEG | 56.8	36.8	105.4	n/a	0.190h | n/a	49.3@100 mW cm−2	[107]
Corn straw	600 °C (N2)	PEG | 56.8	48.4	100.2	100 | 98.7	0.330h | 1.9	69.0@100 mW cm−2	[107]
Corn straw	800 °C (N2)	PEG | 56.8	42.6	77.2	n/a	0.429 h | 32.4	55.6@100 mW cm−2	[107]
Pomelo peel	900 °C (N2)	PEG 4000 | 61.3	95.4	162.4	n/a	n/a	84.0@200 mW cm−2	[121]
Pomelo peel	Freeze‐dried	Paraffin | 59.5	88.0	125.7	25 | 100.7	0.218a | 6.3	n/a	[106]
Pomelo peel	650 °C (Ar)	Paraffin | 59.5	93.4	158.6	25 | 100.3	0.207a | 1.0	60.1@200 mW cm−2	[106]
Pomelo peel	750 °C (Ar)	Paraffin | 59.5	94.2	159.5	25 | 100.3	0.300a | 46.3	85.1@200 mW cm−2	[106]
Pomelo peel	850 °C (Ar)	Paraffin | 59.5	95.6	150.3	25 | 99.7	0.312a | 52.2	70.4@200 mW cm−2	[106]
Bamboo	Dried	Paraffin | 28.9	n/a	99.8	100 | 98.8	0.28a | 17.3	n/a	[256]
Bamboo	600 °C (N2)	Paraffin | 28.9	n/a	79.4	100 | 101.0	0.42a | 72.4	n/a	[256]
Bamboo	H3PO4 | 600 °C (N2)	Paraffin | 28.9	n/a	59.5	100 | 99.3	0.52a | 116.2	n/a	[256]
Rice husk	K2CO3 | 700 °C (N2)	Stearic acid | 70.9	80.3	162.1	n/a	0.438i | 13.8	n/a	[108]
Bamboo	K2CO3 | 700 °C (N2)	Stearic acid | 70.9	79.4	159.0	n/a	0.405i | 5.2	n/a	[108]
Pine wood	K2CO3 | 700 °C (N2)	Stearic acid | 70.9	82.9	170.6	n/a	0.393i | 2.1	n/a	[108]
Walnut shell	K2CO3 | 700 °C (N2)	Stearic acid | 70.9	78.5	168.9	n/a	0.418i | 8.6	n/a	[108]
Corncob	K2CO3 | 700 °C (N2)	Stearic acid | 70.9	80.8	175.3	n/a	0.389i | 1.0	n/a	[108]
Bamboo	Ca(OH)2 | 550 °C (Ar)	1‐ODO | 59.0	70.0	197.0	n/a	0.71j | 184	75.2@300 mW cm−2	[124]
Bamboo	Ca(OH)2 | 550 °C (Ar)	1‐ODO | 59.0	80.0.	284.1	n/a	0.57j | 128	66.4@300 mW cm−2	[124]
Bamboo	Ca(OH)2 | 550 °C (Ar)	1‐ODO | 59.0	85.0	299.8	n/a	0.45j | 80	57.3@300 mW cm−2	[124]
Sunflower stem	1000 °C (N2)	PEG 4000 | 62.5	84.0	153.4	50 | 99.6	0.43a | 51.9	n/a	[125]
Sunflower rec.	1000 °C (N2)	PEG 4000 | 62.5	91.6	171.5	50 | 99.4	0.41a | 44.9	n/a	[125]
Loofah sponge	KOH | 800 °C	Octadecane | n/a	60.4	155.1	100 | 99.2	0.208a | 27.7	95.2@100 mW cm−2	[136]
Sorghum straw	Delignified HTC 220 °C CQDs	PEG 2000 | 53.1	94.5	168.1	100 | 93.8	0.374a | n/a	90.8@1 W cm−2	[109]

^a)All data is adopted from the literature; T _m: melting point; Sunflower rec.: Sunflower receptacle; 1‐TDO: 1‐tetradecanol; 1‐HDO: 1‐hexadecanol; 1‐HAD: 1‐hexadecanamine; 1‐ODO: 1‐octadecanol. Methods and instruments used to measure thermal conductivities: ^atransient plane source method (TPS 2500S or 2500‐OT, Hot Disk instruments), ^bxenon flash method (XFA 500, LINSEIS), ^claser flash method (undefined), ^dlaser flash method (LFA 457, NETZSCH), ^etransient plane source method (TPS, DRE‐III tester, XIANGTANXIANGYI), ^fn/a, ^gtransient plane source method (HS‐DR‐5, HESON), ^hlaser flash method (LFA 467, NETZSCH); ⁱtransient plane source method (TCi, C‐Therm), ^jtransient plane source method (TPS 3500S, Hot Disk instruments).