Table 1.
Background characteristics of study participants in the 2022 children’s survey.
| Characteristic | Overalla (n = 15,636) | Outcome | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDDa (n = 13,804) | NDNa (n = 1,832) | |||
| Child’s age | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Child’s sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 8,346 (53.4%) | 7,219 (52.3%) | 1,127 (61.5%) | |
| Female | 7,290 (46.6%) | 6,585 (47.7%) | 705 (38.5%) | |
| Birth season | <0.001 | |||
| Spring | 4,225 (27.0%) | 3,746 (27.1%) | 479 (26.1%) | |
| Summer | 4,482 (28.7%) | 3,845 (27.9%) | 637 (34.8%) | |
| Autumn | 2,945 (18.8%) | 2,618 (19.0%) | 327 (17.8%) | |
| Winter | 3,984 (25.5%) | 3,595 (26.0%) | 389 (21.2%) | |
| Residence type | <0.001 | |||
| Shenzhen residents | 9,415 (60.2%) | 8,507 (61.6%) | 908 (49.6%) | |
| Non-Shenzhen residents | 6,221 (39.8%) | 5,297 (38.4%) | 924 (50.4%) | |
| Maternal education | <0.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 1,614 (10.3%) | 1,262 (9.14%) | 352 (19.2%) | |
| High school and higher | 14,022 (89.7%) | 12,542 (90.9%) | 1,480 (80.8%) | |
| Household income | <0.001 | |||
| <RMB 20,000 | 7,314 (46.8%) | 6,262 (45.4%) | 1,052 (57.4%) | |
| ≥RMB 20,000 | 8,322 (53.2%) | 7,542 (54.6%) | 780 (42.6%) | |
| Maternal conception age | 34.0 ± 5.5 | 34.0 ± 5.5 | 33.7 ± 5.7 | 0.028 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | <0.001 | |||
| BMI < 18.5 | 2,890 (18.5%) | 2,550 (18.5%) | 340 (18.6%) | |
| 18.5 ≤ BMI < 24 | 10,571 (67.6%) | 9,392 (68.0%) | 1,179 (64.4%) | |
| BMI ≥ 24 | 2,175 (13.9%) | 1,862 (13.5%) | 313 (17.1%) | |
| Intrauterine growth retardation | <0.001 | |||
| No | 15,497 (99.1%) | 13,697 (99.2%) | 1,800 (98.3%) | |
| Yes | 139 (0.9%) | 107 (0.8%) | 32 (1.7%) | |
| Parity | 0.21 | |||
| Nulliparous | 8,810 (56.3%) | 7,752 (56.2%) | 1,058 (57.8%) | |
| Multiparous | 6,826 (43.7%) | 6,052 (43.8%) | 774 (42.2%) | |
| Preterm birth | <0.001 | |||
| No | 14,517 (92.8%) | 12,851 (93.1%) | 1,666 (90.9%) | |
| Yes | 1,119 (7.2%) | 953 (7.0%) | 166 (9.1%) | |
| Child’s birth weight | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Parental depression | <0.001 | |||
| No | 13,652 (87.3%) | 12,140 (87.9%) | 1,512 (82.5%) | |
| Yes | 1,984 (12.7%) | 1,664 (12.1%) | 320 (17.5%) | |
| Family function | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 9,697 (62.0%) | 8,772 (63.5%) | 925 (50.5%) | |
| Dysfunction | 5,939 (38.0%) | 5,032 (36.5%) | 907 (49.5%) | |
| Feeding pattern | <0.001 | |||
| Breastfeeding | 8,803 (56.3%) | 7,815 (56.6%) | 988 (53.9%) | |
| Formula feeding | 1,665 (10.6%) | 1,415 (10.3%) | 250 (13.6%) | |
| Mixed feeding | 5,168 (33.1%) | 4,574 (33.1%) | 594 (32.4%) | |
| Prenatal calcium supplementation | 0.003 | |||
| No | 3,781 (24.2%) | 3,286 (23.8%) | 495 (27.0%) | |
| Yes | 11,855 (75.8%) | 10,518 (76.2%) | 1,337 (73.0%) | |
| Prenatal folic acid supplementation | 0.013 | |||
| No | 1,846 (11.8%) | 1,597 (11.6%) | 249 (13.6%) | |
| Yes | 13,790 (88.2%) | 12,207 (88.4%) | 1,583 (86.4%) | |
| Prenatal iron supplementation | 0.11 | |||
| No | 8,451 (54.0%) | 7,428 (53.8%) | 1,023 (55.8%) | |
| Yes | 7,185 (46.0%) | 6,376 (46.2%) | 809 (44.2%) | |
| Prenatal multivitamin supplementation | <0.001 | |||
| No | 8,690 (55.6%) | 7,549 (54.7%) | 1,141 (62.3%) | |
| Yes | 6,946 (44.4%) | 6,255 (45.3%) | 691 (37.7%) | |
| Childhood probiotic intake | 0.010 | |||
| No | 3,098 (19.8%) | 2,777 (20.1%) | 321 (17.5%) | |
| Yes | 12,538 (80.2%) | 11,027 (79.9%) | 1,511 (82.5%) | |
a
Data are presented as Mean ± SD or N (%).
b
p-value was based on one-way analysis of means and Pearson’s Chi-squared test where appropriate.