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. 2025 May 21;12:1614820. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1614820

Table 3.

The effect of childhood probiotic intake on the association between prenatal micronutrient supplementation and NDD using the four-way decomposition.

Component Crude model Adjusted model Full-inclusion model
EOR (95%CI) PA (95%CI), % EOR (95%CI) PA (95%CI), % EOR (95%CI) PA (95%CI), %
Calcium supplementation
CDE −0.14 (−0.39, 0.11) 107 (304, −89) −0.01 (−0.27, 0.23) 7 (156, −135) 0.00 (−0.27, 0.27) −3 (163, −165)
INTref −0.06 (−0.36, 0.23) 50 (284, −179) −0.19 (−0.75, 0.40) 111 (437, −232) −0.18 (−0.71, 0.37) 111 (435, −226)
INTmed −0.03 (−0.15, 0.09) 20 (115, −73) −0.04 (−0.16, 0.08) 23 (91, −48) −0.02 (−0.07, 0.04) 10 (41, −22)
PIE 0.10 (0.00, 0.20) −78 (−1, −157) 0.07 (−0.03, 0.16) −40 (19, −96) 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) −18 (11, −45)
Total −0.13 (−0.29, 0.04) 100 −0.17 (−0.58, 0.24) 100 −0.16 (−0.53, 0.21) 100
Folic acid supplementation
CDE −0.05 (−0.38, 0.26) 30 (218, −150) 0.09 (−0.23, 0.40) −23 (58, −99) 0.14 (−0.21, 0.47) −42 (63, −144)
INTref −0.19 (−0.54, 0.17) 109 (309, −100) −0.52 (−1.22, 0.22) 129 (302, −54) −0.47 (−1.17, 0.24) 144 (359, −73)
INTmed −0.08 (−0.24, 0.08) 48 (137, −45) −0.10 (−0.25, 0.05) 26 (61, −12) −0.02 (−0.08, 0.03) 8 (24, −9)
PIE 0.15 (0.00, 0.29) −86 (−2, −169) 0.13 (−0.02, 0.26) −32 (4, −64) 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) −9 (9, −28)
Total −0.17 (−0.37, 0.02) 100 −0.40 (−0.89, 0.10) 100 −0.33 (−0.79, 0.13) 100
Iron supplementation
CDE −0.08 (−0.31, 0.15) 298 (1,110, −520) 0.08 (−0.16, 0.33) 446 (−841, 1,754) 0.17 (−0.08, 0.42) 155 (−79, 391)
INTref −0.01 (−0.33, 0.30) 43 (1,176, −1,068) −0.09 (−0.66, 0.48) −478 (−3,486, 2,536) −0.08 (−0.59, 0.44) −72 (−551, 407)
INTmed 0.00 (−0.11, 0.10) 14 (380, −347) −0.02 (−0.12, 0.09) −88 (−650, 473) −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) −9 (−66, 48)
PIE 0.07 (0.01, 0.14) −255 (−22, −494) 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) 220 (−134, 560) 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) 26 (−12, 63)
Total −0.03 (−0.23, 0.17) 100 0.02 (−0.41, 0.45) 100 0.11 (−0.24, 0.45) 100
Multivitamin supplementation
CDE −0.22 (−0.46, 0.03) 65 (137, −9) −0.03 (−0.28, 0.22) 10 (85, −66) −0.04 (−0.30, 0.23) 11 (95, −74)
INTref −0.16 (−0.49, 0.16) 48 (148, −49) −0.30 (−0.91, 0.30) 92 (273, −92) −0.28 (−0.81, 0.26) 89 (261, −83)
INTmed −0.05 (−0.16, 0.05) 15 (48, −16) −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) 18 (54, −18) −0.04 (−0.13, 0.04) 14 (42, −14)
PIE 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) −29 (−10, −48) 0.07 (0.00, 0.13) −20 (1, −40) 0.05 (−0.01, 0.10) −15 (2, −32)
Total −0.33 (−0.54, −0.12) 100 −0.33 (−0.80, 0.15) 100 −0.31 (−0.68, 0.07) 100