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. 2025 May 21;12:1614820. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1614820

Table 4.

Number of preventable NDD by prenatal multivitamin supplementation and childhood probiotic intake in counterfactual, realistic, and ideal scenario in the crude model.

Domains Counterfactual scenario Realistic scenario Ideal scenario
Preventable NDD (V1) Preventable NDD (V2) Additional preventable NDD (V2–V1) Additional preventable percentage, % Preventable NDD (V3) Potential preventable NDD (V3–V1) Potential preventable percentage, %
Communication 25 26 2 7 27 3 11
Gross motor 109 156 47 43 173 64 59
Fine motor 17 32 15 92 36 20 117
Problem solving 13 14 0 3 13 0 −2
Personal-Social 24 44 19 80 49 24 100
Total 123 196 73 59 219 96 78