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. 2025 May 21;13:1556651. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1556651

TABLE 3.

Time required for each manual step and the total manual fabrication time for three methods.

Procedure Impression compound trimming (s) Light curing (s) CAD and 3DP (s) F P-value
Initial Preparation 307.28 ± 12.15 482.36 ± 34.21* 427.63 ± 10.88*# 168.52 <0.001
Core Fabrication 1795.34 ± 76.42 634.19 ± 45.83* 763.19 ± 32.74*# 432.17 <0.001
Post-Processing 496.85 ± 27.15 589.47 ± 38.62* 199.83 ± 12.25*# 245.89 <0.001
Total manual fabrication time 2,578.92 ± 113.45 1705.92 ± 118.76* 1,403.74 ± 81.63*# 385.74 <0.001

Note: All data are expressed as means ± standard deviations. CAD, computer-aided design; 3DP, three-dimensional printing. * Compared to Impression compound trimming group, P < 0.05. # Compared to Light curing group, P < 0.05.