TABLE 3.
GLY and AMPA concentrations detected in biological and environmental samples from South American and European countries.
| Type of sample | Results | Detection methods | Country | Authors | DOI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human urine (27 female/25 male from Chaco lived in a small rural village) | Only 10 samples (19.2%) showed quantifiable values (median: 0.30 µmol/mol creatinine; range: (0.12–0.91) µmol/mol creatinine) | Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) | Argentina | Bressan et al. (2021) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122616 |
| Human urine (15 subjects occupationally and 20 environmentally exposed to pesticides) | Urine of non-occupationally exposed population: AMPA: median 0.27 ng/mg creatinine, GLY median 0.10 ng/mg creatinine Urine from occupationally exposed population. AMPA: median 0.38 ng/mg creatinine, GLY median 0.08 ng/mg creatinine |
Gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) | Argentina | Filippi et al. (2024) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100474 |
| Human urine (90 farmers) | 12% of the farmers presented GLY levels | High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-FL) | Brazil | de Melo et al. (2020) | https://doi.org/10.31005/iajmh.v3i0.124 |
| Human urine (519 participants lived in agricultural communities) | GLY was detected in 98.3% of participants Geometric mean (95% IC) 0.92(0.83,1.01) |
Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry | Ecuador | Chronister et al. (2023) | https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11383 |
| Human urine (French general population) | GLY quantifable in 99.8% of urine samples with a mean of 1.19 ng/mL+/−0.84 after adjustment to body mass index (BMI) | ELISA | France | Grau et al. (2022) | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18110-0 |
| Human urine (non-farm and farm families) | GLY (max) 3.21 µg/L, AMPA (max) 7.24 µg/L | GC–MS/MS | Ireland | Connolly et al. (2022) | https://doi.org/10.3390/tóxicos10110690 |
| Human urine (Young adults (18–19 years old) | The median concentration was below 0.10 μg/L and a maximum concentration being 3.39 μg/L (density adjusted) | LC-MS/MS | Sweden | Faniband et al. (2021) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113657 |
| Surface waters, raw water and drinking water | Surface waters: GLY: range LOQ (0.25 µg/L) – 0.50 µg/L, AMPA: range LOQ (0.67 µg/L – 0.70 µg/L) In samples of raw water and drinking water the results for GLY and AMPA could not be quantified |
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) | Uruguay | Frontera et al. (2024) | https://doi.org/10.26461/27.01 |
| Water | GLY was detected in 66% of surface water samples (0.20–167.40 μg/L), in 15.8% of the groundwater samples (1.30–2.00 μg/L) and in the harvested precipitation sample (0.20 μg/L) | UHPLC MS/MS | Argentina | Lutri et al. (2020) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134557 |
| Soil | The average concentrations of GLY and AMPA in soil were 2,299 ± 476 mg/kg and 4,204 ± 2,258 mg/kg, respectively | Ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) | Argentina | Primost et al. (2017) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.006 |
| Rainwater | Maximum detected concentrations were 6.10 μg/L and 5.80 μg/L for GLY and AMPA, respectively | LC–MS/MS | Belgium | Tang et al. (2015) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.040 |