Table 5.
Indications for the gracilis flap in various studies in the literature
| Author | Country | Year | N | Rectourethral/urinary fistula (%) | Rectovaginal fistula (%) | Perineal wound (%) | Anal sphincter (%) | Others (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheeless (32) | USA | 1979 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Woods (13) | USA | 1983 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Ryan (14) | USA | 1984 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Burke (33) | USA | 1995 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Solomon (34) | Australia | 1996 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Christiansen (35) | Denmark | 1998 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Rius (21) | USA | 2000 | 7 | 14.3 | 29 | 42.9 | 0 | 13.8 |
| Zmora (36) | USA | 2003 | 11 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Menon (16) | UK | 2005 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Vermaas (18) | Netherlands | 2005 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Zmora (37) | USA | 2006 | 9 | 33.3 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 10.7 |
| Wexner (38) | USA | 2008 | 53 | 67.9 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 4.1 |
| Fürst (23) | Germany | 2008 | 12 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ducic (39) | USA | 2008 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Ghoniem (24) | USA | 2008 | 25 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gupta (40) | India | 2008 | 15 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lefevre (41) | France | 2009 | 8 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ulrich (42) | Germany | 2009 | 35 | 74.3 | 25.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Shibata (43) | USA | 2009 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Nassar (44) | Egypt | 2011 | 11 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Maeda (45) | Denmark | 2011 | 18 | 0 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 88.9 |
| Chen (46) | China | 2013 | 19 | 42.1 | 57.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Troja (47) | Germany | 2013 | 10 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corte (48) | France | 2015 | 32 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tran (49) | Canada | 2015 | 7 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kaartinen (50) | Finland | 2015 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Chong (51) | USA | 2015 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Raup (52) | USA | 2015 | 27 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kalra (53) | India | 2016 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Singh (54) | USA | 2016 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Park (55) | S. Korea | 2017 | 11 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Munoz-Duyos (56) | Spain | 2017 | 9 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Leeds (57) | USA | 2017 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Sieffert (58) | USA | 2017 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Rottoli (59) | Italy | 2018 | 21 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kersting (60) | Germany | 2019 | 19 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Korsun (61) | Germany | 2019 | 32 | 3.1 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 24.9 |
| Kiiski (62) | Finland | 2019 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Coelho (63) | UK | 2019 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Weinstein (64) | USA | 2020 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Gilshtein (65) | USA | 2020 | 9 | 55.6 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 22.4 |
| Sasaki (66) | Japan | 2021 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Grott (67) | Germany | 2021 | 46 | 4.3 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 33.7 |
| Yellinek (68) | USA | 2021 | 119 | 48.7 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 10.3 |
| Zhang (69) | China | 2022 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Sbizzera (70) | France | 2022 | 21 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| DeLozier (71) | USA | 2023 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Schoene (72) | Germany | 2023 | 61 | 5 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 38 |
| Jenkins (73) | UK | 2023 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Strassmann (74) | USA | 2023 | 6 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hull (75) | USA | 2023 | 22 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Muharrem | USA | 2024 | 18 | 38.9 | 38.9 | 22.2 | 0 | 0 |
| 1121 | 265/1121 (23.63) | 340/1121 (30.3) | 405/1121 (36.1) | 31/1121 (2.76) | 80/1121 (7.1) |