Table 6.
Outcome of the gracilis flap in various studies in the literature
| Author | Country | Year | N | Mean length of stay (days) | Complication rates (%) | Readmission rate (%) | Overall healing rate (%) | Rectourethral fistula healing rate (%) | Rectovaginal fistula healing rate (%) | Mean length of follow-up (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheeless (32) | USA | 1979 | 5 | - | 60 | 0 | 100 | - | - | - |
| Woods (13) | USA | 1983 | 14 | 8* | 14.3 | - | 92.8 | - | - | - |
| Ryan (14) | USA | 1984 | 15 | - | 80 | 60 | 93 | - | - | 60 |
| Burke (33) | USA | 1995 | 17 | - | - | - | 47 | - | - | 25* |
| Solomon (34) | Australia | 1996 | 5 | 17.4 | 40 | 20 | 100 | - | - | 25 |
| Christiansen (35) | Denmark | 1998 | 13 | - | 69 | 69 | 45 | - | - | - |
| Rius (21) | USA | 2000 | 7 | - | 28.6 | 28.6 | 71.4 | 100 | 50 | 17.8 |
| Zmora (36) | USA | 2003 | 11 | 5.3 | 33 | 18.2 | 100 | 100 | - | 18 |
| Menon (16) | UK | 2005 | 7 | - | 57.1 | 14.3 | 57.1 | - | - | 24** |
| Vermaas (18) | Netherlands | 2005 | 18 | 9* | 89 | - | 87.5 | - | - | 22** |
| Zmora (37) | USA | 2006 | 9 | 5.3 | 33.3 | - | 77.8 | 100 | 80 | 26 |
| Wexner (38) | USA | 2008 | 53 | - | 47 | - | 69–8 | 78 | 52.9 | 26** |
| Fürst (23) | Germany | 2008 | 12 | - | 8.3 | - | 91.7 | - | 91.7 | 40.8 |
| Ducic (39) | USA | 2008 | 19 | - | 5.3 | - | 100 | - | - | - |
| Ghoniem (24) | USA | 2008 | 25 | 5.3* | 24 | 8 | 100 | 100 | - | 28 |
| Gupta (40) | India | 2008 | 15 | - | 20 | 6.7 | 100 | 100 | - | 24 |
| Lefevre (41) | France | 2009 | 8 | 10 | 37.5 | - | 88 | - | 88 | 28 |
| Ulrich (42) | Germany | 2009 | 35 | - | 8.6 | - | 94.3 | 96,2 | 77.8 | 28 |
| Shibata (43) | USA | 2009 | 16 | - | 37.5 | 12.5 | 87.5 | - | - | - |
| Nassar (44) | Egypt | 2011 | 11 | - | 36.4 | - | 100 | - | 100 | 34 |
| Maeda (45) | Denmark | 2011 | 18 | - | 44.4 | 33.3 | 61.1 | - | 50 | 64** |
| Chen (46) | China | 2013 | 19 | 21* | 21.1 | - | 94.7 | 100 | 90.9 | 17** |
| Troja (47) | Germany | 2013 | 10 | - | 20 | - | 60 | - | 60 | 46.6 |
| Corte (48) | France | 2015 | 32 | - | - | - | 50 | - | 50 | 33.1** |
| Tran (49) | Canada | 2015 | 7 | 3.6 | 28.6 | 0 | 100 | 100 | - | 11.4 |
| Kaartinen (50) | Finland | 2015 | 12 | - | 33 | 0 | 100 | 100 | - | - |
| Chong (51) | USA | 2015 | 16 | 13 | 43.8 | 6.3 | 100 | - | - | - |
| Raup (52) | USA | 2015 | 27 | - | 70.4 | 25.9 | 70.4 | 75 | - | 28.7 |
| Kalra (53) | India | 2016 | 18 | 8 | 38.9 | - | 100 | - | - | - |
| Singh (54) | USA | 2016 | 40 | 7.9 | 52.5 | - | 100 | - | - | 24 |
| Park (55) | S. Korea | 2017 | 11 | - | 9.1 | - | 72.7 | - | 72.7 | 46.4 |
| Munoz-Duyos (56) | Spain | 2017 | 9 | 8 | 22.2 | - | 100 | 100 | - | 54 |
| Leeds (57) | USA | 2017 | 5 | - | 40 | 20 | 100 | 100 | - | 15.5 |
| Sieffert (58) | USA | 2017 | 6 | 11.5 | 33.3 | 16.7 | 100 | - | - | 15.5 |
| Rottoli (59) | Italy | 2018 | 21 | 6.6* | 14.3 | - | 71.4 | - | 71.4 | 66.1** |
| Kersting (60) | Germany | 2019 | 19 | 11 | 26.3 | - | 73.7 | - | 73.7 | 23 |
| Korsun (61) | Germany | 2019 | 32 | - | 21.9 | - | 71 | 100 | 71 | 47 |
| Kiiski (62) | Finland | 2019 | 39 | 22.7 | 71.8 | 26.6 | 69.2 | - | - | 35.1 |
| Coelho (63) | UK | 2019 | 25 | 14 | 28 | 52 | 72 | - | - | 19 |
| Weinstein (64) | USA | 2020 | 6 | 11* | 33 | 16.7 | 100 | - | - | - |
| Gilshtein (65) | USA | 2020 | 9 | - | 11 | 0 | 55 | 80 | 50 | - |
| Sasaki (66) | Japan | 2021 | 7 | 18 | 42.9 | 0 | 100 | - | - | - |
| Grott (67) | Germany | 2021 | 46 | 16 | 23.9 | - | 74 | - | 74 | 73.4 |
| Yellinek (68) | USA | 2021 | 119 | 6.5 | 37 | - | 92 | - | 90.2 | 16.3 |
| Zhang (69) | China | 2022 | 31 | 18 | 25.8 | - | 96.8 | - | - | - |
| Sbizzera (70) | France | 2022 | 21 | 4* | 43 | 5 | 95 | 95 | - | 27 |
| DeLozier (71) | USA | 2023 | 45 | 8* | 55.6 | 8.9 | 100 | - | - | - |
| Schoene (72) | Germany | 2023 | 60 | - | 25 | - | 65 | 100 | 87.5 | 35.9 |
| Jenkins (73) | UK | 2023 | 50 | 11* | - | 16 | 86 | - | - | 4** |
| Strassmann (74) | USA | 2023 | 6 | 8* | 50 | - | 100 | - | 100 | 9.8 |
| Hull (75) | USA | 2023 | 22 | 8* | 32 | - | 59 | - | 59 | 22** |
| Muharrem | USA | 2025 | 18 | 5* | 16.7 | 11 | 94,4 | 100 | 85.7 | 24** |
| 1121 | 11.2 | 32.5 | 18.3 | 82.9 | 198/214 (92.5) | 254/341 (74.5) | 16.6 |
*Median length of stay (days)
**Median follow-up (months)