Table 2.

Summary of the findings from this review

Region	Category of income*	Higher risk of CVD	Important findings
Canada	High income	Indigeneity and immigrant status, disability	Efforts to prevent disease instead of treating disease are increasing, but most are lifestyle-based, a few are environmental based, and even fewer are structural or systems-based.19
United States	High-income	African American and Native American	Expansion of health insurance decreased CVD deaths; 2 factors that reduced disparities were increases in cardiologists and median household income.41
India	Lower middle income	Urban dwelling and caste system	There is an epidemiologic transition of the burden of CVD shifting from Indians of higher SES to those with lower SES.64
China	Upper middle income	Increasing obesity	Multisectoral public health programs (eg, taxation and regulation of tobacco use and second-hand tobacco exposure) are created to target modifiable risk factors.48
South Asia	Lower middle income	Higher SES	Greater SES is associated with CVD, but increasing in lower SES.67,69,70
Middle East/North Africa	Lower middle income	Low financial status, women	Prevalence of CAD in the region has increased by 41% over 30 years, surpassing the prevalence in the Western World. Women with CAD have a higher prevalence of CV risk factors, are less likely to receive appropriate medical therapy or interventions, and have worse clinical outcomes.77,78
Africa	Low-income	Low SES	Regional disparities exist because of the remnants of colonialist policy.92

CAD, coronary artery disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; SES, socioeconomic status.

^*Average gross national income per capital for countries of that region; category of income was obtained from https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.