. 2025 May 1;22(6):3351–3365. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00254

2. Physicochemical characterizationSize, Polydispersity Index (PDI), Zeta Potential (ZP), Nanoparticle Concentration (NC), and BVC_S75 Encapsulation Efficiency (%ee)of the Formulations with Bupivacaine (NLC-L-BVC and NLC-BVC) and with Lavender Oil Alone (NLC-L).

Formulation	Size (nm)	PDI	ZP (mV)	NC (x 10¹³/mL)	%EE
NLC-L	195.4 ± 1.8	0.138 ± 0.03	-26.8 ± 0.8	3.1 ± 0.2	-
NLC-L-BVC	200.5 ± 2.4	0.140 ± 0.02	-34.0 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.3	89.0 ± 2.3
NLC-BVC	165.9 ± 1.5	0.123 ± 0.05	-37.0 ± 1.1	8.8 ± 0.1	91.0 ± 3.4

See ref .

2. Physicochemical characterizationSize, Polydispersity Index (PDI), Zeta Potential (ZP), Nanoparticle Concentration (NC), and BVCS75 Encapsulation Efficiency (%ee)of the Formulations with Bupivacaine (NLC-L-BVC and NLC-BVC) and with Lavender Oil Alone (NLC-L).