Table 5.

Wound healing assessment by ultrasound (US) color flow.

Author (year)	Imaging frequency	Study design	Aim	Indication	Time evaluated	Results	Clinical relevance
Tavelli et al., 2025	24 MHz	Clinical	Assess Doppler tissue perfusion at dental implant sites augmented with connective tissue grafts	Soft tissue augmentation in dental implants using coronally advanced flaps (CAF) or tunnel technique (TUN)	12 months	Mid-facial color and power changes were comparable between CAF and TUN, with significant differences noted only at interproximal sites	Noted at the interproximal sites, early perfusion was positively associated with both clinical and volumetric outcomes at the 12-month follow-up
Samal et al., 2024	24 MHz	Pre-clinical	To quantify inflammation by detecting tissue dimensional and perfusion changes.	Gingival inflammation after bacterial inoculation	4 weeks	Color flow velocity was significantly elevated for 6 weeks, except in male 2nd premolar at week 2. Power changes were significant only in 1st molar, with effects influenced by tooth type and sex	Periodontal tissue thickness and color flow velocity increased in response to bacterial inoculation
Sirinirund et al., 2023	24 MHz	Clinical	Evaluate soft and hard tissues changes during GBR healing and after implant function	Guided bone regeneration	5 months	Blood flow increased at 1 and 2.5 months after surgery and decreased at 5 months	Identify early healing deviations and addresses to improve the clinical workflow and quality of patient care
Barootchi et al., 2022	24 MHz	Clinical	Assess if tissue perfusion correlates with clinical diagnosis	Implants in health and disease	1 visit	US quantified color velocity (CV) and power (CP) directly correlates with clinical diagnosis	First study to prove that US color flow can be applicable in the diagnosis of peri-implant health and disease. Is a valuable to evaluate degree of inflammation
Siqueira et al., 2021	24 MHz	Clinical	Explore feasibility of US for clinical imaging	Peri-implantitis and 2nd stage implant surgery	3 months	Blood flow imaging showed a dynamic range with different degree of inflammation	Functional blood flow imaging may be useful to estimate the extent and severity of inflammation
Tavelli et al., 2021	24 MHz	Clinical	Describe the application of US for evaluation blood flow at implant and palatal donor sites	Soft tissue augmentation with the connective tissue graft (CTG)	12 months	US captures and estimated tissue perfusion at different times points during wound healing	US power Doppler is a non-invasive and suitable tool for identifying conditions with abnormal blood flow and subclinical inflammation
Chan and Kripfgans 2020	24 MHz	Clinical	Propose ultrasound imaging as a potential solution in the diagnosis of peri-implant disease	Peri-implant disease	1 time point	Ultrasound can provide functional images (color flow images) that may be useful for evaluating the degree of peri-implant tissue inflammation	High-frequency US could be a cross-sectional imaging modality in adjunct to radiographs for diagnosing imminent peri-implant disease
Izetti et al., 2020	70 MHz	Clinical	Preliminary study to characterize normal oral mucosa tissues using ultra high frequency ultrasound (UHFUS)	Oral mucosas	1 time point	Gingiva: Moderately vascularized with several low-velocity vessels visible in Doppler mode. Lip: Moderate vascularity with increased flow near minor salivary glands; terminal labial artery branches occasionally appear as pulsing round structures.	A potential role for intraoral UHFUS in enhancing assessment, diagnosis, and management of oral mucosal conditions.
Bodo et al., 2013	9.5 MHz	Pre-clinical	Quantify blood flow of soft tissue healing	Bone healing fractures comparing wound treatment: salmon fibrinogen/thrombin, bone filler matrix, bovine collagen, porcine fibrinogen/thrombin	Immediate post-surgical until 3 weeks	No significant differences for wound treatment in inflammation severity and blood flow. Salmon fibrinogen/thrombin showed rapid revascularization.	Non-invasive methods may be useful for human clinical application and needs to be incorporated in wound healing index
Tikku ete al. 2010	9 MHz	Clinical	Evaluate effectiveness of US color Doppler in monitoring the post-surgical healing	Periapical lesions of endodontic origin	6 months	US anatomical and functional modes showed significantly higher than conventional radiography in detecting tissue changes	US Color flow has the potential to monitoring of post-surgical healing