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. 2024 Nov 14;53(3):921–934. doi: 10.1007/s15010-024-02396-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Counts of CD4 + CD25- immune cells at the age of < 90 days correlate with relative abundance of Bifidobacterium genus and specifically B. longum in multiple linear regression analysis. Genus Bifidobacterium is significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of CD4 + CD25- cells (A). However, when stratifying the analysis by LOS status the negative correlation remains significant only for the control group (B). This deviation between the groups is even more pronounced for the species level assignment of B. longum, where the negative correlation is present for the control group but completely missing for the sepsis group