Table 2.
NDDS for CAFs targeting depletion.
| Targeting mechanism | Loaded drug | Delivery system and typical feature | Tumor metastasis model | Mechanism of anti-metastasis | Effectiveness of anti-metastasis | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPR effect | Cellax-DTX | Nanoparticles; materials and drugs coupled by chemical bonds | Total primary human pancreatic xenografts tumor metastasis in peritoneal tissues | Inhibit the ECM remodeling of CAFs | 60% metastasis reduction compared to the control group | 193 |
| R848, LOS, DOX | Liposomes; pH-responsive | Breast cancer lung metastasis | Inhibit the ECM remodeling of CAFs | 90% metastasis reduction compared to the control group | 196 | |
| HMA, DMAEMA, MAA | Nanoparticles; pH-sensitive Long-circulating |
Pancreatic cancer metastasis in lung and liver | Inhibit the ECM remodeling of CAFs | – | 197 | |
| Affinity of anti-FAP-α mAb and FAP-α | CXCL12-siRNA | Nanoparticles; self-assembly | Prostate tumors metastasis in major organs | Reduce EMT induced by CAFs | 86% metastasis reduction compared to the control group | 200 |
| Affinity of FAP-specific epitope peptides and FAP-α | CpG | Nanoparticles; peptides with dominant epitopes on the surface | T-lymphoma lung metastasis | Inhibit the ECM remodeling of CAFs | 73% metastasis reduction compared to the control group | 201 |
| Affinity of N-cadherin aptamers and N-cadherin | DOX, HGF-siRNA | Nanoemulsions; surface aptamer modification | Colorectal cancer lung metastasis | Inhibit the ECM remodeling of CAFs | 90% metastasis reduction compared to the control group | 202 |
| Affinity of TEL and angiotensin II type I receptor | TEL, DOX | Micelles; self-assembly Sequential targeting |
Breast cancer metastasis | Inhibit the ECM remodeling of CAFs | – | 203 |
‒, not applicable. DTX, docetaxel; ECM, extracellular matrix; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; EPR, enhanced permeability and retention; R848, Resiquimod; LOS, losartan; DOX, doxorubicin; HMA, hexyl methacrylate; DMAEMA, dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate; MAA, methacrylic acid; FAP, fibroblast activation protein; CXCL12, C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 12; EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; TEL, telmisartan.