Table 2.

Outcomes under investigation.

Domain and outcomes		Description
Safety
	Agreement	Agreement rate (percentage or kappa statistic) between kiosk-generated and nurse-assigned triage scores.
	Sensitivity	The proportion or percentage of true urgent cases correctly identified by the kiosk, in comparison to the nurse-assigned scores.
	Under triage	Percentage of cases where the kiosk assigned a lower urgency level than the nurse.
	Adverse events	Complications or harm resulting from delayed care, triage, or incorrect triage. These could be measured using patient surveys or by reviewing patient records for complications, delays in care, or outcomes such as readmissions.
Efficacy
	Workflow management	Assessing how the kiosks impacted patient flow, administrative tasks, and extent of over-triage (incorrectly identifying low-risk cases as high-risk). This could be quantified by time motion studies or by staff surveys.
	Staff workload	Measuring changes in staff involvement by time tracking or by workload assessment surveys.
	Over-triage	Percentage of cases where the kiosk assigned a higher urgency level to the patient than the nurse.
	Time to physician	The time from EDa arrival (including check-in and triage) to the patient being seen by a clinician. This could be measured by direct observation or by reviewing time logs or stamps.
	Time-to-triage	The time taken from ED arrival to the completion of triage. This could be measured by direct observation or by reviewing time logs or stamps.
	Time-to-first identification	The time taken from ED arrival to kiosk completion or the interval from arrival to triage. This could be measured by direct observation or by reviewing time logs or stamps.
	Usability	The percentage of patients that used the kiosk.

^aED: emergency department.