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. 2025 May 21;10(21):21213–21226. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c10268

2. Molar Metal Ratio and Tin Loading on Catalyst Surface Measured by SEM-EDX and XPS.

	fresh catalyst		used catalyst
desired catalyst	EDX (Ru/Sn)	surface tin-loading (XPS)	EDX (Ru/Sn)	surface tin content (XPS)
Ru₁Sn₁/C	1:0.54	0.14	1:0.57	0.05
Ru₁Sn_2.3/C	1:0.81	0.23	1:0.82	0.08
Ru₁Sn₄/C	1:1.24	0.26		0.16

^a

No tin and ruthenium left on the catalyst as proven by XPS.