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. 2025 May 23;13:1584628. doi: 10.3389/fped.2025.1584628

Table 1.

Total number and relative percentage of data samples within the training, validation and test sets.

Training Validation Testing Total
Total 2,431 69.46% 705 20.14% 364 10.40% 3,500
Label Incomplete 311 66.17% 101 21.49% 58 12.34% 470
Twisted 274 71.54% 76 19.84% 33 8.62% 383
Too long 345 66.99% 102 19.81% 68 13.20% 515
Too loose 40 60.61% 17 25.76% 9 13.63% 66
Below GE junction 261 65.74% 83 20.91% 53 13.35% 397
Correct 1,200 71.90% 326 19.53% 143 8.57% 1,669

Images with more than 1 VQI are counted separately; hence, the total exceeds the 3,138 samples.